Geography made rural society in the south-east of England unequal. Economies of scale in grain growing created a farmer elite and many landless laborers. In the pastoral north-west in contrast family farms dominated, with few hired laborers, and modest income disparities. Did this geography driven difference in social structure influence educational outcomes in England 1810-1845? Using new micr...

Yelp is one of the largest online searching and reviewing systems for kinds of businesses, including restaurants, shopping, home services et al. Analyzing the real world data from Yelp is valuable in acquiring the interests of users, which helps to improve the design of the next generation system. This paper targets the evaluation of Yelp dataset, which is provided in the Yelp data challenge. A...

Using direct democracy, voters in a majority of states have considered, in recent years, whether the definition of marriage should include or exclude same-sex couples. This Article explores how individuals assessed three ballot measures that defined marriage in three states: two constitutional referendums that proposed to outlaw same-sex marriage in North Carolina and Minnesota, and a veto refe...

regarding to different social policies of two former presidents (hashemi rafsanjani & mohammad khaatami), the present essay is going to evaluate and compare the rate of social isolation consequences between the mass and elite groups in iran during 8 years of their presidency. at first, different dimensions of social isolation consequences have been reviewed and four main dimensions have been de...

This paper analyses the dynamics of inequality, democratization and economic development in a political economy model of growth where education is both the engine of growth and a determinant of political participation. In a context with imperfect capital markets, we investigate the incentives for an educated oligarchy to subsidize the poor’s education and to initiate a democratic transition. We...

today's world has been the world of media. today can hardly find a place that people are far and separated from the media and media effects. practices, knowledge, tastes, and many teachings of daily life of every human, somehow directly or indirectly will be affected by what the media has covered. this article attempts to focus on national media audience on one hand and satellite television net...

This study examines the reasons for officiating soccer among Norwegian elite and non-elite referees. Eighty-three elite referees and 44 non-elite referees completed a web-based questionnaire (SurveyXact) that solicited their three main reasons for officiating soccer. The data were obtained by bracketing, intuiting, and describing their different reasons. Three main categories of descriptions em...

This paper proposes a methodology for using survey data to understand the composition of elites, through analysing the pool of potential members. An occupational-based measure of ‘potential power elite’ is created and compared with other measures of occupational advantage. It is argued that this measure can be utilised to explore if the processes causing certain social groups to be under-repres...

Abstract: The Social Spider Optimization algorithm (SSO) is a novel metaheuristic optimization algorithm. To enhance the convergence speed and computational accuracy of the algorithm, in this paper, an elite opposition-based Social Spider Optimization algorithm (EOSSO) is proposed; we use an elite opposition-based learning strategy to enhance the convergence speed and computational accuracy of ...