Snags provide an important resource for a rich assemblage of cavity-nesting birds in the southwestern United States. To expand our knowledge of snag use by cavity-nesting birds in this region, we documented characteristics of snags with and without excavated cavities in mixed-conifer and ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex Laws) forest in north-central Arizona. Snags were sampled in 113 s...

We compared the density of snags, snags with cavities, and cavity-nesting bird use at two sites in northern California: Blacks Mountain Experimental Forest, a site with large trees and large snags because of protection from logging, contrasted with the Goosenest Adaptive Management Area, where a century of logging left this forest with few large trees and snags. Indeed, there was a threefold di...

We radiotracked 17 male northern long-eared bats (Myotis septentrionalis) to 43-day roosts and 23 females to 49-day roosts in the Ouachita Mountains of central Arkansas during summers 2000–2005. We compared characteristics of roost trees between males and females, and compared characteristics of sites surrounding roosts with random locations for each sex. Roosts were located in cavities, crevic...

The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of sustained natural apophyseal glides (SNAGs) on pain and headache duration in women with cervicogenic headache. The method of this study is a single blind and randomized controlled trial. Forty patients with headache were divided randomly into the SNAGs group (n= 20), and control group (n= 20). The expectation of this study was that the...

Snags create nesting, foraging, and roosting habitat for a variety of wildlife species. Removal of snags through postfire salvage logging reduces the densities and size classes of snags remaining after wildfire. We determined important variables associated with annual persistence rates (the probability a snag remains standing from 1 year to the next) of large conifer snags ( 23 cm diameter brea...

The decay rate of standing deadwood, i.e., of snags, is slower than that of downed deadwood in contact with the forest floor. We agree with Dr. Anger’s opinion that this may be an important reason why clear age differences in the decay classes 1 – 3 are missing. Some snags fall earlier others later. This overshadows a clear age trend in decay. If the rate at which snags of larch fall down on th...

Sand pine (I-‘inu.r c/trrr.srr) scrub is adapted to, and regenerated by, periodic stantl-rcplnccment wildfire, which consumch the understory and kills the overstay. The heat of the fire opens the serotinous cones of’ Ocala sand pine (P. c~/nu.srr var. c/tr~c.sc/), releasing quantities of seed that reestablish the overstory, while the understory regenerates by sproutin, (1 or from soil-stored se...

Current regulations require that all dead trees over  m tall are felled when an area is being logged (Workers’ Compensation Board regulation .). This clearly protects workers because tree-falling, especially handfalling, is more dangerous when other trees, live or dead, could interfere with the falling tree. Snags must also be removed within . tree heights of work areas. This buffer is i...

Snags (standing dead trees) provide important habitat for forest wildlife, as well as a source of coarse woody debris important in forest succession. Because of their importance, some land-management agencies have standards for snag retention on lands under their jurisdiction (e.g. U.S. Forest Service, British Columbia Ministry of Forestry). Despite these guidelines, however, little information...