background university of pennsylvania smell identification test (upsit) is one of the most common smell identification tests to assess olfactory function. objectives the study was conducted to assess the accuracy of university of pennsylvania smell identification test (upsit) in iranian population. materials and methods university of pennsylvania smell identification test was performed on 30 (5...

Smell identification deficits exist in schizophrenia, and may be associated with its negative symptoms. Less is known about smell identification and its clinical correlates in individuals at clinical high risk (CHR) for schizophrenia and related psychotic disorders. We examined smell identification, symptoms and IQ in 71 clinical high-risk (CHR) subjects and 36 healthy controls. Smell identific...

Introduction: Sniffin’ Sticks smell identification test is a tool used for evaluation of olfactory function but the results are culture-dependent. It relies on the subject’s familiarity to the odorant and descriptors. This study aims to develop the Malaysian version of Sniffin’ Sticks smell identification test suitable for local population usage. Materials and Methods:   The o...

Introduction: Processing odor information by the olfactory system depends greatly on the odor concentration. In order to use an odorant in a smell identification test (SIT), the minimum identification concentration (MIC) needs to be determined.  Materials and Methods: This study was conducted in 60 healthy native individuals aged 20 to 60 years, selected from patients’ companions in a tertiary...

INTRODUCTION Smell identification deficits are associated with negative symptoms in schizophrenia, particularly in males. Far less information is known about the relationship of odor detection sensitivity (acuity) and negative symptoms in schizophrenia, and currently there is a dearth in sex-stratified research specifically examining odor sensitivity and smell identification. METHODS Fifty-ei...

Olfactory function is affected by age and gender. However, there are few data on smell function in various racial/cultural groups, in particular, in different-aged African-Americans. Therefore, this study sought to determine if there is a relationship among age, gender, and race for smell identification. Sixty healthy African-Americans and 60 Caucasians between the ages of 20-40 and 60-80 years...

Refused bequest is a code smell that originates from introduction of inappropriate class hierarchies where subclasses do not specialize or use the functionalities provided by the parent class. The existing refused bequest code smell identification algorithms use either static analysis or a combination of static and dynamic analysis based technique. However, those algorithms do not consider vers...

BACKGROUND The neurobiology of social dysfunction in schizophrenia is unknown, but smell identification deficits (SIDs) exist in schizophrenia, and olfaction is related to social affiliation in other mammals. The SIDs have been linked with negative symptoms and the deficit syndrome, but any specificity of SIDs for social dysfunction is unstudied. Low intelligence might explain this relationship...

OBJECTIVES To investigate olfaction in general population, prevalence of olfactory dysfunction and related risk factors. DESIGN Cross-sectional population-based survey, distributing four microencapsulated odorants (rose, banana, musk and gas) and two self-administered questionnaires (odour description; epidemiology/health status). SETTING The survey was distributed to general population thr...

OBJECTIVE To use combined pre- and postsurgical olfactory outcomes to assess the impact of endoscopic sinus surgery on chronic rhinosinusitis-related olfactory impairment. DATA SOURCES CINAHL, Cochrane, OVID, EMBASE, PubMed, and SCOPUS. Each database was searched from inception up to October 2015. REVIEW METHODS Studies were included that reported subjective or objective olfactory data in c...