background: echinococcus multilocularis is a tiny tapeworm, responsible for 0.3~0.5 million alveolar echinococcosis in humans. methods: we searched relevant papers published between 1981 and 2013 based on the database sources such as pubmed and google scholar, and collected and integrated the data for analysis. results: the parasite is able to use host-originated molecules to modulate its devel...

hedgehog signalling pathway has not only a critical role in cell proliferation, differentiation and tissue polarity at embryonic period but also has a vital role in stem cell proliferation, tissue healing and carcinogenesis. recent research has increased our understanding of this pathway and its relation to other signalling pathways. in addition, a large number of studies confirmed the alterati...

Background To investigate the role of the anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) signalling pathway in the pathophysiology of idiopathic primary ovarian insufficiency (POI) and age at natural menopause (ANM) using a genetic approach MaterialsAndMethods DNA sequencing was used to detect the genotype distribution and allele frequency of the genes AMH and AMH receptor II (AMHR2) in 120 cases of idiopathic P...

Mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE) is the most frequent form of partial epilepsy. Granule cell dispersion, resulting from aberrant neuronal migration in the hippocampus, is pathognomonic of MTLE. Reelin, a secreted neurodevelopmental glycoprotein has a crucial role in controlling the radial migration of neurons. Several animal studies have implicated Reelin in the MTLE pathogenesis. The aim o...

Hill et al. claimed in previous work that sonic hedgehog signalling pathway is an essential regulator of astrocytes development. We present here a formalization claim, stating all things class “smoothened signaling pathway” are the context thing “human” mostly have relation type “affects” to “astrocyte development” same context.

Significant progress has been made in the understanding of the underlying cancer biology of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) with the androgen receptor (AR) signalling pathway remaining implicated throughout the prostate cancer disease continuum. Reactivation of the AR signalling pathway is considered to be a key driver of CRPC progression and, as such, the AR is a logical target for...