The motor pattern generated by the 14 neurons composing the pyloric circuit in the stomatogastric ganglion (STG) of the spiny lobster, Panulirus interruptus, is organized not only by the synaptic connections between neurons, but also by the characteristic intrinsic electrophysiological properties of the individual cells. These cellular properties result from the unique complement of ion channel...

Determining the contribution of a single type of ion channel to information processing within a neuron requires not only knowledge of the properties of the channel but also understanding of its function within a complex system. We studied the contribution of slow delayed rectifier K+ channels to neural coding in Drosophila photoreceptors by combining genetic and electrophysiological approaches ...

Regulation of synaptic efficacy by nerve terminal excitability has not been extensively studied. We performed genetic and pharmacological dissections for presynaptic actions of K+ channels in Drosophila neuromuscular transmission by using electrophysiological and optical imaging techniques. Current understanding of the roles of the Shab IK channel and its mammalian Kv2 counterparts is relativel...

The delayed rectifier K+ current in Drosophila is similar to the classical delayed rectifier, originally described by Hodgkin and Huxley. Drosophila provides unique tools of mutant analysis to unambiguously determine the genetic identity of this native K+ current. We identified the Shab gene as the exclusive gene underlying delayed rectifier currents in both muscle and neurons. In muscles, a ge...

al-shab al-zarif, one of the most well-known poets of decadence age, is also a foremost borrower of religious texts in the field of worldly lyric. his lyrics are influence by quran, various religious texts, and notions of his sufi father, afif al-din telmesani. this study tries to examine the works of this prominent poet and analyze their intersexual relations to show his power in mixing religi...

in present research, four of qajar prose works were initially selected as following: nasekh al-tavarikh of muhammad taghi lesan al-molk sepehr, masalek al-mohsenin of ‘abd al-rahim tabrizi, majma’ al-fosaha of reza gholi khan hedayat, and hezar-o-yek shab translated by ‘abd al-latif tasuji tabrizi. their most important writing and editing errors such as verbs, plural signs, words and structures...

Different K(+) currents participate in generating neuronal firing patterns. The Drosophila embryonic "giant" neuron culture system has facilitated current- and voltage-clamp recordings to correlate distinct excitability patterns with the underlying K(+) currents and to delineate the mutational effects of identified K(+) channels. Mutations of Sh and Shab K(+) channels removed part of inactivati...

The delayed rectifier potassium current plays a critical role in cellular physiology. This current (I(K)) in Drosophila larvae is believed to be a single current. However, a likely null mutation in the Shab K(+) channel gene (Shab(3)) reduces I(K) but does not eliminate it. This raises a question as to whether or not the entire I(K) passes through channels encoded by one gene. Similarly, an inc...

The members of the voltage-dependent potassium channel family subserve a variety of functions and are expected to have voltage sensors with different sensitivities. The Shaker channel of Drosophila, which underlies a transient potassium current, has a high voltage sensitivity that is conferred by a large gating charge movement, approximately 13 elementary charges. A Shaker subunit's primary vol...

We examined the origins and functional evolution of the Shaker and KCNQ families of voltage-gated K(+) channels to better understand how neuronal excitability evolved. In bilaterians, the Shaker family consists of four functionally distinct gene families (Shaker, Shab, Shal, and Shaw) that share a subunit structure consisting of a voltage-gated K(+) channel motif coupled to a cytoplasmic domain...