background:   after cervical discectomy, autogenetic bone is packed into the cage to increase the rate of :union: between adjacent vertebral bodies, but donor site–related complications can still occur. in this study we evaluate the use   of hydroxyapatite granules as a substitute for autograft for interbody fusion.     methods:   from november 2008 to november 2011, 236 patients participated i...

A low-voltage CMOS rail-to-rail OpAmp with high slew-rate and fast-settling is presented. The input stage is composed of the complementary differential pairs, a pair of modified current-mode maximum selecting circuits (Maximum Current Selecting Circuit 11) and a class-AB feedback loop circuit. It achieves rail-to-rail operation, constant-gm ,high slewrate and fast-settling. With this OpAmp topo...

The effect of the type of oil, types of alcohol and the alcohol concentration on the settling behaviour of glycerol during biodiesel production is discussed in the current paper. Biodiesel production was performed by transesterification using 0.58 % sodium hydroxide (NaOH) as a basic catalyst at 60°C and 20 min of reaction time. The yield of biodiesel produced in each experiment was separated f...

An important aspect of extraction using an organic solvent that is often ignored in many laboratory scale studies is thorough solvent recovery. Although most of the solvent can be recovered with a centrifuge, the solvent left on the ‘dry’ stream must be evaporated. A custom built pilot-scale settling tank was used to separate maize particles from ethanol extracts into water with little dilution...

We have performed particle-resolved direct numerical simulations of many heavy non-spherical particles settling under gravity in the dilute regime. The are oblate spheroids aspect ratio $1.5$ and density . Two Galileo numbers considered, namely $111$ $152$ , for which a single spheroid follows steady vertical oblique path, respectively. In both cases, strongly inhomogeneous spatial distribution...

Lock–release laboratory experiments are performed to examine saline and particleladen flows down a slope into both constant-density and linearly stratified ambients. Both hypopycnal (surface-propagating) currents and hyperpycnal (turbidity) currents are examined, with the focus being upon the influence of ambient stratification on turbidity currents. Measurements are made of the along-slope fro...

Aerobic granulation is a promising biotechnology for wastewater treatment. The formation and development of granules and the pollutant removal are closely associated with hydrodynamic shear force, settling time and volume exchange ratio (VER), which are proved to be the selection pressures. Three different values of shear force (2, 3 and 4 cm/s), settling time (3, 5 and 10 min) and VER (25, 50 ...

A sequencing batch reactor (SBR) was inoculated with p-nitrophenol-degrading activated sludge to biodegrade a mixture of monosubstituted phenols: p-nitrophenol (PNP), PNP and o-cresol; and PNP, o-cresol and o-chlorophenol. Settling times were progressively decreased to promote biomass granulation. PNP was completely biodegraded. The PNP and o-cresol mixture was also biodegraded although some tr...

The results of batch settling tests (BST) are used to investigate settling behavior of solids suspension, which contribute to sizing thickeners. Conventional methods in analyzing BST on the basis of visual and graphical procedures lead to sub-optimally sized and selected thickeners. A computational approach based on quantitative analysis of BST can be beneficial. About 300 settling experiments ...

A fluidized-pellet-bed separator with movable sludge hoppers was applied in pilot scale for the separation and thickening of activated sludge mixture liquid. Under the condition of suspension SS around 4,000 mg/L, polymer (CJX103, cationic, MW 5 × 106) dose at a dry solid ratio of 0.003 and upward flow rate at 5.4 m/hr, the fluidized pellet bed performed solid/liquid separation and sludge thick...