in this article, we show the existence of certain exact sequences with respect to two homology theories, called d-homology and extended d-homology. we present sufficient conditions for the existence of long exact extended d- homology sequence. also we give some illustrative examples.

background: no data is available on morphology and genetic characteristics of echinococcus granulosus derived from donkeys of iran, despite of its existence in donkeys.in the present study morphometric variations of the rostellar hooks of protoscoleces and genotype characteristics of hydatid cyst of donkey from iran were determined. methods: protoscoleces prepared from hydatid cyst of donkey of...

In this article, we show the existence of certain exact sequences with respect to two homology theories, called d-homology and extended d-homology. We present sufficient conditions for the existence of long exact extended d- homology sequence. Also we give some illustrative examples.

background: the number of reported cases, infected with carbepenem resistant acinetobacter baumannii (crab) and multi-drug resistant (mdr) acinetobacter species had gradually increased in most pla general hospital wards from april to june in 2007. objectives: we have described the investigation of an outbreak of crab and mdr acinetobacter in pla general hospital, beijing. the prospective and re...

background : the aim of the present study was genotyping of echinococcus granulosus isolates from dogs and jackals in mazandaran province, northern iran, and using partial sequence of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 gene ( cox1 ). methods: e. granulosus isolates (n = 15) were collected from 42 stray dogs and 16 jackals found in south of the caspian sea in northern iran. after m...

Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), is one of the most important pest of vegetable and fruit crops. This polyphagous pest has a range of natural enemies including the parasitoid Eretmocerus mundus (Merect) (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae). To determine the molecular profile and taxonomic status of Iranian isolates of E. mundus, parasitized B. tabaci samples were collected from cotton...

In this study, the full-length M2 gene of the avian influenza virus (H9N2) was isolated, analyzed and studied in detail. Total RNA was extracted and cDNA of the M2 mRNA was obtained by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) using random hexamer oligoes; specific primers were used for amplification of the M2 open reading frame (ORF) region. PCR was able to amplify the desirable...

Case Report: Recently a 20-day-old layer flock with mortality has been submitted to the PCR Lab. Infectious Bronchitis Virus (IBV) has been detected in the clinical samples. Results: A phylogenetic tree based on a partial S1 gene sequence showed Iranian IBV variant located in LX4-type cluster. This cluster include all QXIBV-type detected in China and European countries. The highest sequence hom...