This paper discusses a methodology for investigating sectarianism on the internet as evidenced primarily through the support of two football clubs, Glasgow Celtic and Glasgow Rangers, better known as the Old Firm. The historical background to sectarianism and theoretical background to online hate are discussed, and a robust methodology for investigation is proposed.

S ectarianism—particularly the Sunni-Shi‘a variant1—is a prominent feature of the Middle East landscape. From the civil wars raging in Iraq, Syria, and Yemen, to regional competition between Iran and Saudi Arabia, to governing strategies in religiously mixed countries, sectarianism is shaping regional developments. Sectarianism, which is difficult to measure or separate from other factors with ...

The tendency of humans to cooperate for reasons other than self-interest has long intrigued social scientists, leading to the development of a substantial body of literature. However, this question has a complement that has received little to no attention in this literature: What is the motivation for individuals to resist cooperation even in cases that are beneficial at the individual and grou...

:This article demonstrates how gender analysis has been profoundly overlooked in many studies of sectarianism the Middle East. While numerous books and articles have discussed question MENA region more broadly, dominant scholarship focusing on misses this gender-informed perspective. By examining recent publications showing can add significantly to their interpretations, highlights gendered pos...