In the annals of federal-state relations, the Great Lakes are unique. Their waters variously constitute navigable waterways, state boundaries, an international boundary, and most important for our purposes, "the high seas." 1 The federal government and adjoining states assert concurrent criminal jurisdiction over offenses committed on Great Lakes waters• As one might expect, the legal fiction o...

The North American Great Lakes have been invaded and dramatically altered by more than 145 alien species. Many invasions have occurred during the past few decades because of the release of Eurasian ballast water from transoceanic ships. Current regulations require ships to exchange foreign ballast with highly saline water before entering the Great Lakes; this procedure should prevent colonizati...

Recently, several studies indicated that species from the Ponto-Caspian region may be evolutionarily predisposed to become nonindigenous species (NIS); however, origin of NIS established in different regions has rarely been compared to confirm these statements. More importantly, if species from certain area/s are proven to be better colonizers, management strategies to control transport vectors...

The atmosphere of Titan, Saturn's largest moon, exhibits interesting UV- and radiation-driven chemistry between nitrogen and methane, resulting in dipolar, nitrile-containing molecules. The assembly and subsequent solvation of such molecules in the alkane lakes and seas found on the moon's surface are of particular interest for investigating the possibility of prebiotic chemistry in Titan's hyd...

Water covers nearly 70% of the Earth’s surface, and throughout history, oceans, seas, lakes, rivers, etc [...]

13.4 Mat-Forming Species .................................................... 375 13.4.1 Community Structure ...................................................... 375 13.4.2 Mat Structure and Pigments ............................................ 377 13.4.3 PAR and UVR Responses ............................................... 379 13.4.4 Nutrient Supply .............................................

The Pleistocene glaciations represent the most recent and dramatic series of habitat changes since the Cretaceous. The impact of these events was particularly acute for aquatic taxa with poor powers of dispersal, but few organisms have evolutionary histories more intimately entwined with the advance and retreat of ice than the 'glacial relicts'. In this study, we used a mitochondrial gene, cyto...