polyvinyl butyral (pvb) was synthesized by condensation reaction of polyvinyl alcohol (pva) with butanal in aqueous medium containing an effective emulsifier and an inorganic acid as catalyst. the product was characterized by, ir, tg and dtg techniques. percentage of vinyl alcohol groups in the pvb was determined by a chemical method according to a standard method. some clear and soft film samp...

Issue: Understanding the chemical composition of container glass is critical to recycling for a number of reasons. First, the chemistry has significant implications for managing the behavior of molten glass in any remelt application, from large-scale container manufacturing down to cottage-industry pressed glass. Second, the composition has important implications for evaluating health concerns ...

Laminated safety glass is used in the automobile industry and in architectural applications. Laminated safety glass consists of a plastic interlayer, such as a layer of poly vinyl butyral (PVB) or Butacite, surrounded by two adjacent glass plates as shown in Figure 1. The glass can be float glass, plate glass, tempered glass, or sheet glass, and the plastic interlayer is made of a viscoelastic ...

This month's CROSS report concerns a that the glass produced by some processors has not been properly heat-soaked and is therefore much more likely to shatter in use.

A study of 62 glass injuries to children serious enough to warrant admission to hospital showed that 30 were due to architectural glass in doors or windows and 26 of these occurred in houses. Glass bottles caused 12 injuries. Architectural glass produced more serious injuries affecting major arteries, nerves and tendons, and internal viscera. In view of the frequency and severity of architectur...

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Glass ampoules have been widely used in packaging injection drugs. Glass has important characteristics that allow it to be widely used in fabrication of recipients for drugs and other sterile substances. However, contamination of solutions with glass microparticles on breaking open glass ampoules, the presence of metals, percutaneous injury, and biological contaminatio...

One of the most important methods of saving energy and providing indoor comfort conditions of buildings is the careful design of the façades. A “double skin glass façade” is optimally one of the best options that control the heat interaction between indoor and outdoor spaces. Two kinds of heating energy is usually transmitted through exterior envelope “conduction” and “radiation”. Double skin g...

This paper describes a novel automated inspection process for tempered safety glass. The system is geared toward the European Community (EC) import regulations which are based on fragment count and dimensions in a fractured glass sample. The automation of this test presents two key challenges: image acquisition, and robust particle segmentation. The image acquisition must perform well both for ...