background: control of the medium osmolarity and temperature during long or short time sperm manipulation is essential. objective: the objectives of the present study were to find the effects of different osmolarities of modified tyrode's solution and milk on the bull sperm during incubation at above zero temperatures. materials and methods: semen samples were collected twice from five najdi bu...

Isolated human and rabbit corneas were incubated in glutathione bicarbonate Ringer solution (GBR), balanced salt solution (BSS), or 0.9% NaCl solution. The swelling rate of human corneas was 25.5 micron/hr in GBR and significantly increased to 32.7 in BSS and 66.1 in NaCl. The epithelial intracellular potential of human cornea was constant at about 60 mV up to 5 hr of incubation in GBR and decr...

y-tial intermetallic alloy have a good potential for use as biomaterial, due to its good corrosion resistance. in this paper, two fundamental electrochemical techniques namely electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and potentiodynamic anodic polarization were used to evaluate the corrosion performance of g-tial in ringer's solution. surface modification treatments were employed with the pu...

When collective decisions should be made democratically, which people form the relevant demos? Many theorists think this question is an embarrassment to democratic theory: (1) because any decision about who forms demos must democratically by right demos, itself constituted and so on ad infinitum; (2) neither concept of democracy, nor (3) our reasons for caring determine demos. Having distinguis...