A pair of large serotonergic neurons, the Retzius (Rz) cells, is found in each segment of the leech nervous system. Most Rz cells innervate the body wall of their own segment as well as adjacent anterior and posterior segments. Rz cells in segments 5 and 6 [Rz (5,6)] instead innervate the reproductive tissue found only in those segments. Rz cells from adjacent segments [Rz (4,7)] provide the se...

In most segments of the leech, a pair of Retzius (Rz) cells innervate the body wall musculature and skin; however, in the segments specialized for reproduction (midbody segments 5 and 6), these neurons innervate the reproductive tissue instead. Whereas all Rz cells have the same morphology early in embryogenesis, those in the reproductive segments [Rz(5,6)] become considerably different from th...

Segmental variation in identified neurons may provide an opportunity to examine extrinsic influences on neuronal phenotype, since segmentally homologous neurons must contain much the same intrinsic information, having arisen from very similar or identical precursors. Two large serotonergic Retzius (Rz) ceils are found in each segmental ganglion of the leech Hirudo medicinalis. While most Fir ce...

In this paper, the performance of the ring optical network is analyzed at bit rate 2.5 Gbps and 5 Gbps for various modulation formats such as NRZ rectangular, NRZ raised cosine, RZ soliton, RZ super Gaussian, RZ raised cosine and RZ rectangular. The effect of insertion losses is analyzed. It is observed that RZ Soliton performs better than all other formats and using this scheme system can exis...

Retzius (Rz) neurons in the midbody ganglia of medicinal leeches responded to ACh, applied to their somata, in a manner that depended upon the neuron's segmental location: Rz neurons in ganglia from midbody segments 5 and 6 [Rz(5,6)] hyperpolarized, whereas Rz neurons from all other segments [Rz(X)] depolarized. Midbody segments 5 and 6 are notable because they contain the male and female repro...

Most Retzius (Rz) cells innervate the body wall of their own and adjacent segments, whereas Rz cells in segments 5 and 6 [Rz (5,6)] innervate the reproductive tissue, which is found only in those segments. Results from the preceding paper (Loer and Kristan, 1989a) showed that Rz (5,6) and standard Rz cells do not normally compete for their respective peripheral targets. These experiments did no...

The deep dorsal horn is a poorly characterized spinal cord region implicated in processing low-threshold mechanoreceptor (LTMR) information. We report an array of mouse genetic tools for defining neuronal components and functions of the dorsal horn LTMR-recipient zone (LTMR-RZ), a role for LTMR-RZ processing in tactile perception, and the basic logic of LTMR-RZ organization. We found an unexpec...

Polarization-insensitive wavelength conversion, as well as the conversion of return-to-zero (RZ) ON-OFF keying (RZ-OOK) to RZ binary phase-shift keying (RZ-BPSK), has been simultaneously achieved at 40 Gb/s for the first time by cross-phase modulation (XPM) in a highly birefringent, nonlinear photonic crystal fiber (PCF). A 10-9-BER receiver sensitivity conversion penalty of < 3 dB was achieved...

3.24 Tbit/s (81 WDM x 40 Gbit/s) carrier suppressed RZ (CS-RZ) format is simultaneously generated using a single supercontinuum source pumped by optically multiplexed 40 Gbit/s CS-RZ and is transmitted over 80 km link