oral contraceptive pills have several side effects especially on the gastrointestinal tract and liver. absorption of low dose (ld) pills by the vaginal route avoids the first pass of the steroids through these tracts and probably has fewer side effects. this study was a cohort study for evaluation of side effects and acceptability of ld pills administered by the vaginal route. in a clinical tri...

Previous studies on inferring the origin of routing changes in the Internet are limited to failure events that generate a large number of routing changes. In this paper, we present a novel approach to origin inference of small failure events. Our scheme focuses on routing changes imposed on preferred paths of prefixes and not on transient paths triggered by path exploration. We first infer the ...

JULY 2010 his monthly review of select articles has been compiled and prepared as a service to the members of the Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology (CPP) Section of the Society of Critical Care Medicine (SCCM). The content below is for information purposes only and is intended to highlight recent articles that may be of interest to the CPP membership. Though some core content from the publicat...

At Asiacrypt’99, Vaudenay modified the structure in the IDEA cipher to a new scheme, which they called as the Lai-Massey scheme. It is proved that 3-round Lai-Massey scheme is sufficient for pseudorandomness and 4-round Lai-Massey scheme is sufficient for strong pseudorandomness. But the author didn’t point out whether three rounds and four rounds are necessary for the pseudorandomness and stro...

In this note we consider the Shabal permutation function P as a block cipher with input Ap,Bp and key C,M and describe a distinguisher with a data complexity of 2 random inputs with a given difference. If the attacker can control one chosen bit of Bp, only 2 21 inputs with a given difference are required on average. This distinguisher does not appear to lead directly to an attack on the full Sh...

The known 3-round distinguisher of Rijndael-256 is byteoriented and 2 plaintexts are needed to distinguish 3-round Rijndael from a random permutation. In this paper, we consider the influence of the order of the plaintexts and present a new 3-round distinguisher which only needs 32 plaintexts.