The Abbreviated Injury Scale scores of subgroups of patients were used to evaluate patterns of injury for helmeted andunhelmeted riders.As expected, the incidenceofhead injury was higher among the unhelmeted riders (63.81%) than among the helmeted riders (38.95%). In comparison, helmeted riders had higher rates of thoracic injury (47.76%) and extremity injury (80.18%) thandidunhelmeted riders (...

OBJECTIVES The study aims to analyse the physiological characteristics of top level off-road motocross, enduro, and desert rally motorcyclists to facilitate the design of a specific training program. METHODS Twenty seven off-road top level riders participated in this study which measured anthropometric data, maximum aerobic power with incremental tests of both arms and legs, isokinetic dynamo...

The data reported here are drawn from two detailed, in-depth studies of motorcycle accidents in which trained investigators collected extensive evidence on-scene immediately after the crash. This paper compares helmeted and unhelmeted motorcycle riders on a per-accident basis for fatality rates, for the frequency of serious (AIS>2) brain injuries among survivors or for what is referred to here ...

BACKGROUND Horse riding is a hazardous pastime, with a number of studies documenting high rates of injury and death among horse riders in general. This study focuses on the injury experience of cross country event riders, a high risk subset of horse riders. METHOD Injury data were collected at a series of 35 equestrian events in South Australia from 1990 to 1998. RESULTS Injury rates were f...

BACKGROUND Head injuries are responsible for the majority of serious equestrian sports injuries and deaths. Because of significant health risks to equestrians, education regarding the prevention of head and brain injuries is essential. HYPOTHESIS A significant number of riders have experienced a concussion, and few have knowledge of concussion. STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional study. LEVEL OF...

OBJECTIVE To study and quantify the effect of factors related to the riders of powered two-wheelers on the risk of injury accident involvement. METHODOLOGY Based on national data held by the police from 1996 to 2005, we conducted a case-control study with responsibility for the accident as the event of interest. We estimated the odds ratios for accident responsibility. Making the hypothesis t...

To design adequate measures for enhancing riders' safety, a necessary first step is to understand the riders' visual scanning strategies under different traffic conditions. This paper presents the preliminary analysis of eye tracking data collected by three riders in the Athens metropolitan area, riding along urban arterial motorways and along an undivided urban road. Apart from the fixation du...

Maintaining equilibrium while riding a horse is a challenging task that involves complex sensorimotor processes. We evaluated the relative contribution of visual information (static or dynamic) to horseback riders' postural stability (measured from the variability of segment position in space) and the coordination modes they adopted to regulate balance according to their level of expertise. Rid...

UNLABELLED All-terrain vehicles (ATVs) are a popular source of outdoor activity in the United States, particularly in West Virginia. During the period of time from 1999 to 2007, deaths associated with ATVs in West Virginia increased by 28%. Helmet use among bicycle and motorcycle riders has been shown to decrease morbidity and mortality following trauma. METHODS We performed a retrospective o...