this paper tries to explore and asses the political party activities in iran after the islamic revolution. it believes that that formation of political parties was a result of political modernization in iran after the revolution. the authors further examine this modernization based on huntington's theory about modernization including stages of faction creation (factionalism), polarization,...

This paper tests the hypothesis that the extension of the voting franchise was caused by the threat of revolution, as suggested by Acemoglu and Robinson [Quarterly Journal of Economics 115, 1167-1199, 2000]. We approximate the threat of revolution in a given country by revolutionary events happening in neighboring countries. We investigate the relationship between this new measure of the threat...

This paper examines the role of knowledge elites in modernization. At the eve of the French Revolution, in the spring of 1789, King Louis XVI solicited lists of grievances (Cahiers de Doléances), in which the public could express complaints and suggestions for reforms of the Ancien Regime. We show that the demand for mass education and democratization was particularly high in regions that had a...

The Resolution deliberated and passed at the CPC 6th Plenary Session of 19th Central Committee made an important summary major achievements historical experience CPC's foreign affairs. This article discusses century-old affairs history from four periods: "the period new democratic revolution", socialist revolution construction", reform, opening up modernization", "socialism with Chinese charact...

About 110 years ago, Iran experienced a revolution, which was known to be an attempt for development and modernization. The revolutionary roots had been established by new-coming social forces named as intellectuals. Since studying the past highlights the future, the necessity of intellectuals’ discourse as well as understanding their discourse strategies on the road to development and modernit...

The world has entered the era of fourth industrial revolution, and China become a leader practitioner innovative green modernization.

Turkey’s and Iran’s endavours for modernization building a nation state display similar outlook to each other. Iran, under the rule of Shah Rıza Pehlevi, adopted Republic Turkey, Atatürk, as significant model in this endavour tried follow it. However, period different from had an accumulataion past, more than one hundred years. This difference between two countries not only affected speed susta...