Seismic retrofitting of important structures is essential in seismological active zones. The importance is doubled when it comes to some buildings like schools, hospitals, bridges etc. because they are required to continue their serviceability even after a major earthquake. Generally, seismic retrofitting codes have paid little attention to retrofitting of foundations due to its construction co...

As part of measures being taken against global warming, the reduction of CO2 emissions by retrofitting for water-saving fittings in homes is spreading throughout the world. However, although this retrofitting reduces the environmental impact at the use stage, it generates new impacts at the production and disposal stages. In addition, there has been little research that discusses the reduction ...

This article reports on the implementation of published guidelines for retrofitting tractors with safe access platforms, which were developed to reduce the risk of serious injuries and deaths associated with mounting and dismounting. Farmer interviews and engineering-based inspections of ten retrofitted tractors were conducted to gather information regarding benefits and disadvantages of the re...

despite the rapid growth of engineering science especially in the modern structural engineering and application of new materials in civil engineering, a significant percentage of world population in different countries are living in adobe buildings made from mud-bricks. in this paper, by performing experimental study on scaled mud-brick walls under monotonic load, in-plane behavior of the walls...

Static-cyclic shear load tests and tensile tests on retrofitted masonry walls were conducted at UAS Fribourg for an evaluation of the newly developed retrofitting system, the S&P ARMO-System. This retrofitting system consists of a composite of carbon mesh embedded in a specially adapted high quality spray mortar. It can be applied with established construction techniques using traditional const...

retrofitting structures is an important issue. structural weakness may be due to changes in design codes or defects in implementation. adding structural floors to the existing structures may also lead to the need for strengthening and retrofitting. retrofitting is possible before the earthquake or may take place as rehabilitation of damaged members after earthquake. elements such as columns in ...

abstract: the experience of last earthquakes has shown the vulnerability of most of structures. this has been caused the speeding up of the seismic evaluation and retrofitting of projects in iran. in this regard, the instructions for seismic rehabilitation of the existing buildings have been published and are currently beiong used in the evaluation and retrofitting projects. the experience of r...

1. Abstract The distributed Genetic Algorithm (GA) for PC cluster with multi-core-CPUs is proposed as a time reducing method for determining the schemes of retrofitting existing buildings with Buckling restrained Brace (BRB). Nondominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm-II (NSGA-II), one of the derivative evolutionary algorithm in heuristic method, was applied since the optimization problem have a mu...

Retrofitting our current building stock is a vital part of meeting emissions reductions targets, using energy in a more efficient way and creating sustainable lifestyles. However, one of the key barriers identified is a lack of tools to support making retrofitting decisions. In this paper, the creation of a transparent and flexible building energy performance simulation model SdSAP is reported ...

This paper considers the survivability requirement for production operating systems that underlie typical information systems. Since economic incentives give competitive advantages to imperfect and therefore insecure software, it seems inevitable to consider retrofitting some form of security to existing systems. This approach has long been anathema in the security community. We outline the pra...