worldwide, more than 185,000 children under 18 years die from road traffic accidents annually (each four minutes a child death occurred due to road crashes); with most casualties from developing countries. 95% of road traffic fatalities among children occur in developing countries. many more children are injured, often severely, and suffering from different disabilities. road accidents cause ex...

Direct observation of child restraint use was combined with interviews and mail questionnaires to measure prevalence of various child restraint practices and factors related to use of child safety seats and seat belts for children under the age of four. Trained observers assessed multiple dimensions of child restraint practices for a sample of motorists entering fast-food parking lots in Michig...

BACKGROUND Currently, many states are upgrading their child restraint laws to include provisions for the use of age-appropriate restraints through 6 to 8 years of age, with some also requiring rear seating for children, enabling the laws to be in closer alignment with best-practice recommendations. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the relationships of seating position and restraint status to the risk of...

background and aim : about one-third of iranian children mortality is caused by injuries from which 36% occur due to road traffic injuries. using child restraint embedded in vehicles can reduce road traffic fatalities by 71% for neonates and 54% for children. based on its effectiveness in reduction of fatality and prevention of injury severity, child restraint usage mandatory law is a priority....

The practices of seclusion and restraint may be used in a variety of health settings to control behaviour. Laws and policies that seek to regulate these practices define seclusion and restraint in various ways and there are gaps as to which practices are regulated and in what circumstances. This column provides an overview of consumer and carer perspectives as to what is meant by these practices.

OBJECTIVE To quantify the independent contribution of recently enacted booster seat laws on appropriate restraint use by child passengers in motor vehicles. DESIGN Longitudinal study of children involved in crashes with data collected via insurance claims records and a validated telephone survey. SETTING Sixteen states and Washington, DC, from December 1, 1998, through December 31, 2004. ...

OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to determine the relative efficacy of primary and secondary enforced motor vehicle occupant restraint laws on the outcomes of restraint use, crash-related mortality, and crash-related injuries. SEARCH STRATEGY We used the Cochrane Collaboration search strategy to search the following electronic databases: MEDLINE, EMBASE, National Technical Informatio...

OBJECTIVE Belt-positioning booster seats have been shown to reduce injury risk among child passengers aged 4 to 8 in motor vehicle crashes. To encourage the use of booster seats, many states have enacted laws that require the use of either a child restraint with internal harness or a belt-positioning booster seat, but the specific age range covered by the laws varies by state. Previous studies ...