the present article is to explain ibn sina’s view on the god’s knowledge of things by rational-analytic method. peripatetic philosophers including ibn sina have used the expression representation (irtisam) in discussing divine foreknowledge of things. commentators and critics of avicenna’s works had not the same interpretation of this expression but had given different understandings of it so t...

The representational components for a cognitive theory of Law Encoding Diagrams, LEDs, are considered in this paper. Examples of problem solving and scientific discovery with LEDs are discussed and used to introduce the four schemas that appear necessary to account for the many different forms of reasoning that are possible with this class of representational systems. Possible forms of processi...

Different representational systems permit differing degrees and forms of ambiguity and underspecification in the content they represent. Independently of this observation, a notable feature of natural language as a representational system is that it allows the same content to be expressed in different ways. In this paper, we examine the interaction of these two observations; in particular, we e...

The goals of instruction are usually taken to be fixed, at least in their broad outline. For example, in elementary school mathematics, students progress from counting to addition, multiplication, and fractions. Given this state of affairs, the business of educational research has been to determine how the fixed instructional aims can best be reached. Education researchers have traditionally as...

Cognition can exhibit biases consistent with future expectations, and some of these biases result in momentum-like effects and have been linked with the idea of an internalization of the effects of momentum. These momentum-like effects include representational momentum, operational momentum, and attentional momentum. Similarities and differences between these different momentum-like effects are...

This paper is in the form of a Draft Standard, patterned somewhat after the IEEE Standard for Binary Floating-Point Arithmetic [17]. The proposals of this paper are based on a previously published paper [15] which canvasses the need for, and the possibilities of, a standard for general purpose arithmetic. The proposals of this paper relate to one of the representational forms to be used in the ...

What is the role of physicality when interacting with different representations? Representational forms differ in type of representation (e.g. sketch, diagram, 3D model) and in the way they are materialized. These variations influence the properties of a representation and suggest or enable different usages, interaction styles and variations in meaning, even if they represent the same object, i...

Abstract A core commitment of meta-ethical expressivism is that ordinary descriptive judgements are representational states, while normative non-representational directive states. Traditionally, this has been understood as a psychological thesis about the nature judgements, view consist in certain sorts conative propositional attitudes. This paper’s aim to challenge reading and show changing ou...