objective: melanocortin-4 receptor (mc4r) and agouti-related peptide (agrp) are involved in energy homeostasis in the rat. the aim of the present study was to evaluate the expression of mc4r and agrp mrnas in arcuate nucleus (arc) during long term malnutrition of female ovariectomized rats. materials and methods: ten female ovariectomized rats were divided into two equal groups (n=6) of normal ...

melanocortin- 4 receptor (mc4r) and agouti- related peptide (agrp) are involved in energy homeostasis in rats. according to mc4r and agrp effects on luteinizing hormone (lh) secretion, they may influence the estrous cycle of rats. therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the expression of mc4r and agrp mrnas at different stages of estrous cycle in the rat’s hypothalamus. the estrous ...

background: vitamin d plays a critical role in the regulation of growth and differentiation of squamous epithelium. the pleiotropic effects of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin d3 [1,25(oh)2d3], include proliferative, pro-apoptotic, and pro-differentiation effects on numerous cell types. although 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin d3 is involved in the regulation and differentiation of epithelium, there is no data in t...

Receptor disorders may produce specific clinical manifestations resembling hypo-or hyper-function of related endocrine gland. Receptor disorders can be divided into five categories: 1)Altered receptor concentration exists in insulin resistance seen in obsity, familial hypercholes­terolemia and in testicular feminization. 2) Altered receptor affinity can be seen in fasted obese patients, acromeg...

Transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ1, β2, and β3) are 25 kDa disulfide-linked homodimers that regulate many aspects of cellular functions, consist of proliferation, differentiation, adhesion and extracellular matrix formation. TGFβs mediate their biological activities by binding of growth factor ligand to two related, functionally distinct, single-pass transmembrane receptor kinases, known as...

Let G be a finite group and V be a finite G–module. We present upper bounds for the cardinalities of certain subsets of Irr(GV ), such as the set of those χ ∈ Irr(GV ) such that, for a fixed v ∈ V , the restriction of χ to 〈v〉 is not a multiple of the regular character of 〈v〉. These results might be useful in attacking the non–coprime k(GV )–problem.