reflection seismic data consist of primary reflections, coherent and incoherent noises. one of the objectives of seismic data processing is to enhance the quality of the real signals by attenuating different kinds of noises. multiples constitute one of the most troublesome forms of coherent noises in exploration seismology. multiple reflections often destructively interfere with the desired pri...

I present the equations for migrating IVSPWD (inverse VSP while drilling) autocorrelograms. These equations extend the Katz IVSPWD method to 2-D and 3-D media, and also provide a formal mathematical justification for inverting the reflectivity distribution from IVSPWD autocorrelograms. In addition, I describe a new imaging condition which images the primary-reflection energy compared to the Kat...

Seismic oceanographic studies from various oceans worldwide have indicated that the acoustic reflections are mostly observed along thermal boundaries within the water column. However, the authors present a case study of seismic data from Krishna-Godavari Basin which shows that salinity variations also play an important role in the occurrence of water column reflections. The observed reflection ...

Forward modeling of reflection seismic data is a computational process through which a geologic model (units: horizontal distance, vertical depth; layer acoustic impedance) of the subsurface is transformed into a synthetic reflection seismic record (units: horizontal distance, 2-way travel time; reflection amplitude). Synthetic seismic records (synthetics) are often generated both before and af...

Seismic imaging for RVSP or drill-bit data recorded for deviated or horizontal wells is a challenging task. Conventional filtering methods such as dip-filtering will fail to separate the primary and multiple (or ghost) reflections because the drill path generates primary and multiple reflections with similar moveout and the same polarity. In this paper, I present a migration method that uses bo...

S U M M A R Y Estimating orientations of seismic structures (reflections) and stratigraphic features (channels) is important for seismic interpretation, subsurface interpolation and geophysical inversion. Structure tensors, constructed as smoothed outer products of amplitude gradients, are commonly used to estimate seismic reflection normals, which uniquely define the reflection orientations. H...

In recent years, there has been an increase in the deployment of relatively dense arrays of seismic stations. The availability of spatially densely sampled global and regional seismic data has stimulated the adoption of industry-style imaging algorithms applied to convertedand scattered-wave energy from distant earthquakes, leading to relatively high-resolution images of the lower crust and upp...

Substantial progress has occurred during the past 15 years in development of shallow CDP seismic-reflection techniques, but there are occasional interpretation problems with the resulting data. We discuss examples of the pitfalls of the method, along with some procedures to help avoid them. Problems that often occur include spatial aliasing of ground roll, interpreting processed ground-coupled ...