introduction: this study was designed to evaluate the prevalence of referred pain with pulpal source in the head, face and neck region among patients referred to dental school of shahid beheshti university mc, tehran, iran in 2004. materials and methods: in this cross-sectional study, 100 patients (55 males and 45 females) referred to oral medicine department of shahid beheshti dental school ev...

introduction: william's flexion exercise is recommended for any kind of non-specific low back pain. however, no clinical trial study has yet determined its effect. this study examines the effect of william's flexion exercise on pain intensity and disability in patient s with chronic non-specific and referral low back pain. materials and methods: this clinical t rial study included 32 patients w...

OBJECTIVE To determine hip joint pain referral patterns. DESIGN Retrospective analysis. Setting. Multicenter. Patients. Fifty-one consecutive patients meeting clinical criteria of a symptomatic hip joint. Interventions. Fluoroscopically guided intra-articular hip joint injection. Outcome Measures. Anatomic pain map before hip injection and visual analog scale both before and after hip injecti...

Background Endogenous pain inhibitory mechanisms are known to reduce intensity, but whether they influence the size and distribution of referral is unclear. This study aimed determine if referred reduced by applying a remote, conditioning painful stimulus. Methods Twenty-four healthy men participated in this randomized, crossover with control session. Referred was induced from infraspinatus mus...

In 1983-84 general practitioners in the Oxford region kept records of their referrals to outpatient clinics over a period of six months. Five years later in 1988-89 the general practice notes of 182 patients referred for back pain were studied to determine the outcomes of their referral. The actions initiated in the outpatient clinics were compared with the general practitioners' main reason fo...

BACKGROUND The National Service Framework for coronary heart disease recommends rapid-access chest pain clinics (RACPCs) for cardiological assessment of new-onset chest pain within 2 weeks of referral. AIM To measure the extent to which an RACPC successfully substituted for an out-patient cardiology clinic (OPCC) at a general hospital, in assessing new-onset chest pain referrals. METHODS Pr...

OBJECTIVE To test the hypothesis that hospital referral for unexplained abdominal pain might occur less frequently in oral contraceptive (OC) users and more frequently in intrauterine device (IUD) users than in other women. DESIGN Prospective cohort study of 17 032 women using different methods of contraception [the Oxford-Family Planning Association (FPA) contraceptive study]. OUTCOME MEAS...

BACKGROUND Under-diagnosis of pain is a serious problem in cancer care. Accurate pain assessment by physicians may form the basis of effective care. The aim of this study is to examine the association between late referral to a Palliative Care Team (PCT) after admission and the under-diagnosis of pain by primary physicians. METHODS This retrospective study was performed in the Teikyo Universi...

One of the first symptoms of a heart attack can be pain in the teeth and/or jaws. In the case of a heart attack, the presence of pain in the teeth or jaws doesn't mean that there is any dental condition that needs to be treated, in the absence of any pre-existing dental condition. The experience of dentally related pain during a heart attack is a classical example of referred pain which is pain...

OBJECTIVES Improving referral of patients with back pain to rheumatologists could accelerate the diagnosis of axial spondyloarthritis. The RADAR study compared two strategies in the referral of patients with chronic back pain (>3 months) with an onset before the age of 45 years from primary care centers to rheumatology departments, in relation to the diagnosis of axial spondyloarthritis. PATI...