background echocardiography is widely used to diagnose or exclude cardiac disease. the reports on reference values based on an asian population are limited. objectives we conducted a study to determine normal values for two-dimensional, m-mode, and doppler echocardiographic measurements and evaluate the relationship between these parameters and age and gender in a large, healthy iranian populat...

background: considering that establishment of reference value of nuchal translucency (nt)-related to the crown rump length (crl) during the first trimester will be helpful for determining an appropriate cutoff level for  screening of increased nt thickness-related abnormalities, we determined the nt thickness and investigated its relation with diff erent chromosomal and nonchromosomal abnormali...

Objective- The aim of this study was to test the repeatability, the variability, and to establish the reference values of PW measurements in healthy Markhoz goats.Design- Retrospective study.Animals- 20 female Markhoz goats.Procedure- Using a standardized PW Doppler echocardiographic protocol, 20healthy adult unsedated female Markhoz goats were investigated three times at one-...

INTRODUCTION The reference values (RV) of biological indicators are used in the interpretation of the results of such indicators in individuals occupationally exposed to chemical agents. The Brazilian Group for the Establishment of Reference Values has worked on these definitions for the purpose of establishing RVs for several bioindicators in various regions of the country. In the present stud...

Reference values are used to describe the dispersion of variables in healthy individuals. They are usually reported as population-based reference intervals (RIs) comprising 95% of the healthy population. International recommendations state the preferred method as a priori nonparametric determination from at least 120 reference individuals, but acceptable alternative methods include transference...