Background. Referees are an integral part of every handball match which is considered a high-intensity activity and they need to follow the action as close as possible to avoid mistakes in their decisions. Objectives. This research aimed to determine the physiological loads of referees during handball matches and whether a higher physiological load during the match has a significant effect on ...

the purpose of this study was to show types and extent of offensive behaviors at soccer stadiums and to test the relationship between personal factors, spectators, verbal behavior of stadium executives and staff, sport media biases, modeling from famous team spectators, refereeing the matches, and win-oriented spectators with offensive behavior of the spectators. a total of 727 researcher-made ...

The evaluation of match officials' neuromuscular performance is now an important consideration and the vertical jump test is considered suitable for assessing lower limb power, partly because it is directly related to refereeing. The aim of this study, therefore, was to determine the effect of soccer matches on match officials' vertical jump performance by assessing various biomechanical variab...

[Purpose] The present study aimed to analyze and compare the activity profile and physiological responses of amateur football referees during competitive matches of high school and college students. [Subjects and Methods] Thirty referees (high school, 15; college, 15) were included in this study. The total distance covered, movement speed, and heart rate were measured using a global positioning...

OBJECTIVE To analyze the extent and characteristics of injuries and musculoskeletal complaints in elite football referees and to analyze differences between match and assistant referees. DESIGN Retrospective cohort study. SETTING Training camp organized by the Swiss Referees Association. PARTICIPANTS All 71 referees of the 2 top divisions of the Swiss Football League (2005-2006 season). ...

The purpose of this study was to investigate the frequency and characteristics of injury and musculo-skeletal complaints in Swiss football referees of all levels. A representative sample of 489 Swiss referees was interviewed regarding their socio-demographic characteristics, refereeing qualifications, time spent in training and in matches, history of injuries and musculo-skeletal complaints cau...