In this investigation, it was tried to identify major requirements of Ramsar city concerning passive and civil defense and to propose necessary strategies via evaluation of principles and methods of passive defense in preparation of civil plans especially from land use perspective. The objective of the present study was urban planning using passive defense principles and approaches in Ramsar, d...

Background We intend to study the inhibitory effect of sulfur compound in Ramsar hot spring mineral on tumor-genesis ability of high natural background radiation. Objective The radioprotective effect of sulfur compounds was previously shown on radiation-induced chromosomal aberration, micronuclei in mouse bone marrow cells and human peripheral lymphocyte. Ramsar is known for having the highes...

BACKGROUND Ramsar, a city of Iran located on the coast of the Caspian Sea, has been considered to be enormously important due to its high natural radioactivity levels. People living in High Level Natural Radiation Areas (HLNRAs) have been exposed by several sources, one of which could be foodstuff. However, many studies have been carried out to measure the environmental radioactivity in Ramsar,...

A country-wide inventory of important wetlands was undertaken in Lithuania in 1996–1999, covering more than 80 wetlands with a total area of about 130 000 ha. Intensive field surveys (land-based, aerialand boat-surveys) were performed at all sites. The Ramsar Information Sheet and data recording methodology was used as the basis for the structure of the inventory. Results of the field surveys r...

People in some areas of Ramsar, a city in northern Iran, receive an annual radiation absorbed dose from background radiation that is up to 260 mSv y 1, substantially higher than the 20 mSv y 1 that is permitted for radiation workers. Inhabitants of Ramsar have lived for many generations in these high background areas. Cytogenetic studies show no significant differences between people in the hig...

People in some areas of Ramsar, a city in northern Iran, receive an annual radiation absorbed dose from background radiation that is up to 260 mSv y(-1), substantially higher than the 20 mSv y(-1) that is permitted for radiation workers. Inhabitants of Ramsar have lived for many generations in these high background areas. Cytogenetic studies show no significant differences between people in the...

Introduction In this study, effective dose equivalent for the public due to internal exposure to 222 radon ( 222 Rn) was evaluated in three regions of Ramsar, a northern coastal city in Iran. Materials and Methods Measurements were carried out using a radon monitoring device. Outdoor and indoor radon concentrations were measured within 24 hours with an integration interval of 3 hours. Regions w...

The city of Ramsar Iran hosts some of the highest natural radiation levels on earth, and over 2000 people are exposed to radiation doses ranging from 1 to 26 rem per year. Curiously, inhabitants of this region seem to have no greater incidence of cancer than those in neighboring areas of normal background radiation levels, and preliminary studies suggest their blood cells experience fewer induc...

Ramsar, a northern coastal city of Iran, overlooking the Caspian Sea, has some high level natural radiation areas (HLNRAs) as well as over 50 hot springs with low and high radium contents used as spas by the public and vacationers. The average whole body dose received by population in these areas is about 5 times higher than the normal background radiation level. Studies on the long-term effect...