background: the study of economics is important in iranian stroke patients, because it is one of the costly diseases that could be linked to disability, mortality, and morbidity. the aim of this preliminary study was to investigate total treatment costs of hospitalized patients with stroke. methods: a cross‑sectional study of 24 patients conducted to isfahan neurosciences research centre was ca...

Median voter theory applied to trade policy predicts positive tariffs in capital-abundant countries and negative tariffs in labor-abundant countries. Negative tariffs are rare, and this paper reconciles the median voter theory with observed protectionism across countries. By considering large countries, I show the optimal tariff is a sum of the median voter component and a positive in terms of ...

Tariffs can create allocative inefficiencies that reduce national income. There is thus a legitimate presumption that high average levels of tariffs are a poor policy choice. However, tariffs can also be used to raise national income provided the appropriate industry is chosen for protection. Examples include Paul Krugman’s (1987) model of learning-by-doing and Gene M. Grossman and Elhanan Help...

A very large number of problems which had remained intractable for years had found solutions, even though the negotiations foundered on the extent to which developing countries would be able to raise tariffs to protect farmers from import surges under a 'special safeguard mechanism'. Differences over cuts to farm subsidies and industrial tariffs, which had long seemed virtually intractable, app...

We construct a three-country model to determine how the formation of free trade areas (FTAs) affects optimal tariffs and welfare. We find that, at constant rest of the world (ROW) tariffs, the adoption of internal free trade induces union members to reduce their external tariffs below the Kemp–Wan [J. Int. Econom. 6 (1976) 95–97] level, and causes ROW’s terms of trade to improve and its welfare...

Economic integration lowers one form of trade costs, tariffs, and stimulates changes in other trade costs. This paper offers a model in which integration may raise or lower the important trade cost associated with insecurity. The model can help to explain the varied experience with integration and it points to the usefulness of combining enforcement policy integration with trade policy integrat...

Regional integration agreements (RIAs) are examples of second best and have an ambiguous impact on welfare. This paper builds a model where RIAs unambiguously raise welfare by correcting for externalities. It assumes that trade between neighboring countries raises trust between them and reduce the likelihood of conflict. The optimum intervention in that case is a subsidy on imports from the nei...

The Supergen HiDEF (Highly Distributed Energy Future) project focuses on possibilities for decentralising five features of energy systems: resources, control, network infrastructure, participation (markets and commercial arrangements) and policy. This paper concentrates on participation, and the practicalities of an ‘active demand side’. It examines four potential means of altering network and ...

How firms react to a given shock may depend on the degree to which rivals are present and on whether potentially viable entrants to that market exist. This paper attempts to measure these effects in an international context by examining the price behavior of the US in Brazil’s market when MERCOSUR and MFN trade liberalization take place. Using very detailed panel data on trade and tariff rates,...

BACKGROUND The study of economics is important in Iranian stroke patients, because it is one of the costly diseases that could be linked to disability, mortality, and morbidity. The aim of this preliminary study was to investigate total treatment costs of hospitalized patients with stroke. METHODS A cross-sectional study of 24 patients conducted to Isfahan Neurosciences Research Centre was ca...