variations in the origin of axillary artery branches are common. but, distinctly abnormal course of its posterior circumflex humeral branch is rare. we are reporting a case of posterior circumflex humeral artery (pcha) originating from the axillary artery, passing through lower triangular space to reach the scapular region where it accompanied the axillary nerve and posterior circumflex humeral...

Axillary neuropathy due to entrapment of the nerve in the quadrilateral space is seen rarely. Here, we describe a 24-year-old patient diagnosed with isolated axillary neuropathy that mimicked quadrilateral space syndrome. Quadrilateral or quadrangular space syndrome (QSS), first described by Cahill and Palmer in 1983, was defined as the entrapment of the distal branch of the axillary nerve and ...

Variations in the origin of axillary artery branches are common. But, distinctly abnormal course of its posterior circumflex humeral branch is rare. We are reporting a case of posterior circumflex humeral artery (PCHA) originating from the axillary artery, passing through lower triangular space to reach the scapular region where it accompanied the axillary nerve and posterior circumflex humeral...

BACKGROUND The quadrangular space permits an anterior entry into Meckel's cave while obviating the need for cerebral or cranial nerve retraction. This avenue is intimately associated with the cavernous sinus; thus, from this ventral perspective, it is feasible to visualize the anteromedial, anterolateral, and Parkinson triangles. METHODS Twenty middle cranial fossae were dissected endonasally...

The infratemporal fossa is a deep quadrangular space located at the inferior aspect of the middle cranial fossa. Numerous surgical approaches have been described to gain access to benign and malignant pathology of this anatomical area. The transzygomatic transmandibular approach provides excellent wide exposure of the infratemporal space, for resection of tumours afflicting this region.

Strongly quadrangular matrices have been introduced in the study of the combinatorial properties of unitary matrices. It is known that if a (0, 1)-matrix supports a unitary then it is strongly quadrangular. However, the converse is not necessarily true. In this paper, we fully classify strongly quadrangular matrices up to degree 5. We prove that the smallest strongly quadrangular matrices which...

In this paper we are interested in defining affine structures on discrete quadrangular surfaces of the affine three-space. We introduce, in a constructive way, two classes of such surfaces, called respectively indefinite and definite surfaces. The underlying meshes for indefinite surfaces are asymptotic nets satisfying a non-degeneracy condition, while the underlying meshes for definite surface...

Let 2 be a finite thick dual polar space of rank 3. We say that a hyperplane H of 2 is locally singular (respectively, quadrangular or ovoidal) if H & Q is the perp of a point (resp. a subquadrangle or an ovoid) of Q for every quad Q of 2. If H is locally singular, quadrangular, or ovoidal, then we say that H is uniform. It is known that if H is locally singular, then either H is the set of poi...

We analyze the space of geometrically continuous piecewise polynomial functions or splines for quadrangular and triangular patches with arbitrary topology and general rational transition maps. To define these spaces of G spline functions, we introduce the concept of topological surface with gluing data attached to the edges shared by faces. The framework does not require manifold constructions ...

Hartsfield and Ringel proved that a complete graph Kn has an orientable quadrangular embedding if n ≡ 5 (mod 8), and has a nonorientable quadrangular embedding if n ≥ 9 and n ≡ 1 (mod 4). We complete the characterization of complete graphs admitting quadrangular embeddings by showing that Kn has an orientable quadrilateral embedding if n ≡ 0 (mod 8), and has a nonorientable quadrilateral embedd...