This study was set out to shed light on the efficacy of pushed output directed by scaffolding on 41 (24 female and 17 male) upper-intermediate EFL learners’ speaking fluency and accuracy. A public version of IELTS speaking test was held to measure learners’ entrance behavior. Then, they were randomly assigned into symmetrical, asymmetrical, and control group. The experimental and control groups...

This investigation examined the mixed effects of visual input enhancement, explicit instruction, pushed output, and corrective feedback on noticing and intake of English conjunctive adverbs. Participants included 83 intermediate EFL students enrolled in a grammar and writing course. They were assigned to a control group (n = 22), explicit instruction + pushed output + explicit corrective feedba...

This study investigated the impact of oral pushed output on the learning and retention of English perfect tenses. During the study, a pre-test was administered to 22 freshmen majoring in English translation. The participants were randomly assigned to two groups. Then, for six sessions both groups received explicit instructions on English perfect tenses. Every session, the experimental group rec...

Proof (complete induction on n): If n = 0, then P (0) asserts that there is f(0) = 1 distinct output starting with an empty string. This is certainly true, since the unique empty string is output, so the base case holds. Induction step: Assume that P (f0; : : : ; n 1g) is true for some arbitrary natural number n. I need to prove that this implies P (n) is true. If n = 0 there is nothing to prov...

This research showed that appropriate input and suitable contexts for interaction among students can lead to successful  second language acquisition (SLA). This study based on Swain's (2005) notion of collaborative dialogue, aimed to study whether EFL learners participating in negotiation of meaning based tasks collaborate with each other and, if so, to investigate the role of this behavior in ...