1 on the anatomy of the levator ani, and especially the puborectalis muscle by use of MRI and CT. The authors state that the levator ani has a transverse portion and a vertical portion and that the puborectalis muscle is a u-shaped muscle outside the vertical portion. Based on those findings, the authors conclude that the puborectalis is not a part of the levator ani muscle. The concept that th...

PURPOSE The internal (smooth muscle) and the external (rhabdosphincter striated muscle) urethral sphincters have important roles in the genesis of urethral closure pressure. The U-shaped pelvic floor puborectalis muscle is important in the closure of anal and vaginal orifices in humans. We defined the contribution of the puborectalis to urethral pressure. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 11 f...

The innervation of the puborectalis and external anal sphincter muscles was studied in 32 patients with idiopathic (neurogenic) faecal incontinence, 12 of whom also had complete rectal prolapse, using transcutaneous spinal stimulation, transrectal pudendal nerve stimulation, single fibre EMG, anorectal manometry, and measurement of perineal descent. Fourteen normal subjects served as controls. ...

The innervation of the puborectalis and external anal sphincter muscles was studied in 32 patients with idiopathic (neurogenic) faecal incontinence, 12 of whom also had complete rectal prolapse, using transcutaneous spinal stimulation, transrectal pudendal nerve stimulation, single fibre EMG, anorectal manometry, and measurement of perineal descent. Fourteen normal subjects served as controls. ...

TO THE EDITOR: In addition to motor signs, patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD) suffer from a variable degree of autonomic impairment. Constipation is one of the most common autonomic dysfunctions observed in PD and may precede the onset of motor signs by many years (1). Chronic constipation, defined as the occurrence of less than three bowel movements per week accompanied by straining at sto...

background : fecal incontinence is defined as the involuntary loss of fecal material. fecal incontinence is a particularly embarrassing and distressing condition with significant medical, social and economic implications. the purpose of this article is to review the relevant the role of pelvic floor muscle dysfunction in fecal incontinence. materials and mthods : we performed a literature searc...

The female pelvic floor (PF) muscles provide support to the organs. During delivery, some of these have stretch up three times their original length allow passage baby, leading frequently damage and consequently later-life PF dysfunction (PFD). Three-dimensional (3D) ultrasound (US) imaging can be used image diagnose by assessing quantitative, geometric functional information through strain ima...

EMG and radiological data suggest a striated muscle sphincteric mechanism 1 acting during fecal continence control. Though puborectalis and external anal sphincter muscles have been demonstrated to contract during effort,2 the role of the other pelvic floor muscles has not been elucidated. The mechanism of defecation is also poorly understood. According to one description 1 feces enter the anal...

The levator ani muscle is considered the most important supportive system of the pelvic floor and has been divided into many portions, according to their attachments or physiological functions. Standring et al.1 subdivide the levator ani muscle into the ischiococcygeus, iliococcygeus and pubococcygeus portions. The pubococcygeus muscle is often subdivided into separate parts according to the pe...