in this experiment, different doses of zataria multiflora (zm) and eucalyptus globolus (eg) essential oils (eos) (0, 100, 250, 500, 750 and 1000 µg/ml) and a mixture of them were added to alfalfa hay incubated with buffered rumen liquor of merghoz goat to assess in vitro gas production, rumen fermentation and protozoa population. in all treatments the asymptotic gas volume (b) and the rate cons...

The last French census (1999) found that almost all over-60s had been married only once. Both divorce and new union formation are uncommon at these ages, and conjugal life is most likely to be ended by the death of the lifetime partner. But probability of spousal loss is not the same for men and women. Excess male mortality coupled with partner age differentials (wives averaging three years you...

There is surprising evidence that the number of unwanted pregnancies ending in abortions has held relatively constant in France for the past twenty years, notwithstanding the spread of modern contraceptive methods which can be assumed to be highly effective. We first review the circumstances of modern contraceptive prevalence, then attempt to identify whether it has been consistent across all s...

On 1st January 2003, the population of metropolitan France was estimated to be 59.6 million, plus a further 1.8 million living in the French overseas departments, bringing the total to 61.4 million [1]. The population in metropolitan France increased by nearly 290,000 people (+ 0.5%) in 2002. This was very similar to 2001, with a slight fall in the surplus of births over deaths (natural increas...

Divorce and end-of-union rates have risen sharply over the past thirty years, and a growing number of children have to cope with parental separation: one non-adult child in four among recent birth cohorts (box 1). Education, too, has changed radically over recent decades; it has been “democratized”—become accessible to all—and the period of compulsory education is now substantially longer. The ...

the difference did not lessen until 1980. The gap still amounted to 4.3 years in 2000, whereas it was only 2.8 in 1950. The pattern for France and Italy was different. After three decades of increase, the difference stabilised for some dozen years, and it is was only after 1992 (in France) and 1995 (in Italy) that it really decreased. In France, it was only 7.0 years in 2003 whereas it had reac...

On 21 December 1974, the French Parliament passed the Veil Act, promulgated on 17 January 1975, authorizing elective abortion under certain conditions. The 1974 Act was reviewed after five years and confirmed by Parliament on 31 December 1979. At the end of 1982, Parliament voted for elective abortion to be reimbursed by the French social security. More recently, the Act of 4 July 2001 relaxed ...

P children are a largely undocumented population group because they are hard to identify in the standard statistical sources (census, registration data) (see box 1). Now, however, the picture has been filled out by the “Family History Survey” linked to the 1999 population census. The survey was designed by the Insee with assistance from Ined, and covers a sample of 380,000 people over the age o...

In this experiment, different doses of Zataria multiflora (ZM) and Eucalyptus globolus (EG) essential oils (EOs) (0, 100, 250, 500, 750 and 1000 µg/mL) and a mixture of them were added to alfalfa hay incubated with buffered rumen liquor of Merghoz goat to assess in vitro gas production, rumen fermentation and protozoa population. In all treatments the asymptotic gas volume (B) and the rate cons...

Life expectancy at birth now stands at 79 years in France, according to vital registration data. Mortality data for the Ancien Régime can be found in the parish registers in which local priests recorded baptisms, marriages and burials. They are found in a few parishes from the end of the 15th century, and were brought into general use by a royal decree of 1667. The demographers who first began ...