The facts of the human body, evolutionary, physiological, social, and systemic, as experienced and symbolized (often differently) by every human, necessarily set the standards, and the limits, of human minds, and of theories about them. Following Turner (1994), who conjures the ghost of Plato conjuring the ghost of Socrates conjuring the ghost of Protagoras, we may call (1) Protagoras’s Principle:

Abstract Ignorance is commonly assumed to be a lack of knowledge in Plato’s Socratic dialogues. I challenge that assumption. In the Protagoras , ignorance conceived substantive, structural psychic flaw—the soul’s domination by inferior elements are nature fit ruled. Ignorant people characterized both false beliefs about evaluative matters specific situations and an enduring deception their own ...

As a medical student I once heard Dr. Osler remark that he almost wished he could have lived in the fifth century before Christ so he could have sat at the feet of Hippocrates under the old plane tree on the Island of Cos and have listened to his discourses on medicine. This chance remark excited in me a persistent desire to visit, at some future date, this Island of Cos and sit down, myself, u...

Abstract The paper argues for an analytic interpretation of Protagoras’ myth in Plato’s dialogue by showing that its goal is not so much to reconstruct the origins civilization as identify some essential features humankind. Against widespread opinion human progress depends on development technai , Protagoras claims political art most important one, insofar it condition existence society. More c...