abstract malaria is still the number one killer especially among young children and is responsible for one death per minute in the world. overall,between 250-500 million cases of the disease occur worldwide causing more than one million deaths annually about 90% of which in children under five years of age. although the spread of the disease is worldwide but it is seen mostly in tropical and su...

Prospect Hill virus (PH) was isolated from a meadow vole (Microtus pennsylvanicus) in 1982, and much of its genome has been sequenced. Hantaviruses of other New World microtine rodents have not been genetically characterized. We show that another Microtus species (the California vole M. californicus) from the United States is host to a genetically distinct PH-like hantavirus, Isla Vista virus (...

to cope with the urban congestion problem resulted from rapid urbanization some cities are successfully using electronic road pricing policy as a demand management measure. in 1982, hong kong governmenttook initiative to experiment electronic road pricing in hong kong. though, the project outcome reveals that electronic road pricing could bring tremendous economic, social and environmental bene...

Prospect theory is a descriptive theory of how individuals choose among risky alternatives. The theory challenged the conventional wisdom that economic decision makers are rational expected utility maximizers. We present a number of empirical demonstrations that are inconsistent with the classical theory, expected utility, but can be explained by prospect theory. We then discuss the prospect th...

Prospect theory (Kahneman & Tversky, 1979) predictions were examined in light of ethnocentrism and intergroup conflict. An experiment conducted at the outset of the 2003 invasion of Iraq by the U.S., U. K. and their allies explored American and British participants’ preferences for certain versus uncertain gains and losses concerning Iraqi, American, and British lives. In four conditions, parti...

In many theories of decision under risk (e.g., expected utility theory, rank dependent utility theory, and prospect theory) the utility or value of a prospect is independent of other prospects or options in the choice set. The experiments presented here show a large effect of the available options set, suggesting instead that prospects are valued relative to one another. The judged certainty eq...