programmed cell death-1 (pd-1) and its ligands, pd-l1 and pd-l2, have been regarded as important immune system regulatory molecules. the aberrant expression of the molecules has been related to several autoimmune disorders. this study is aimed to assess the mrna expression level of pd-1, pd-l1, and pd-l2 molecules in the peripheral blood mononuclear mells (pbmcs) from multiple sclerosis (ms) pa...

Meta-analytic techniques were used to examine the effectiveness of Web-based instruction (WBI) relative to classroom instruction (CI) and to examine moderators of the comparative effectiveness of the two delivery media. Overall the results indicate WBI is 6% more effective than CI for teaching declarative knowledge, the two delivery media are equally effective for teaching procedural knowledge,...

Programmed cell death is a highly regulated form of cell death, mostly distinguished by the activation of a family of cystein-aspartate proteases (caspases) that cleave various proteins resulting in morphological and biochemical changes characteristic of this form of cell death. Several recent studies have addressed the role of programmed cell death in inflammatory and chronic pain states. Casp...

Five behaviorological features of programmed instruction are outlined: behavioral objectives, reinforcement, activity rate: high and relevant, successive approximation, and mastery progression. Each of these topics is explained, and examples are given to illustrate the differences between programmed instruction and the more common 'transmission' model of teaching. A final section provides sugge...

programmed cell death is a highly regulated form of cell death, mostly distinguished by the activation of a family of cystein-aspartate proteases (caspases) that cleave various proteins resulting in morphological and biochemical changes characteristic of this form of cell death. several recent studies have addressed the role of programmed cell death in inflammatory and chronic pain states. casp...

Programmed cell death is a highly regulated form of cell death, mostly distinguished by the activation of a family of cystein-aspartate proteases (caspases) that cleave various proteins resulting in morphological and biochemical changes characteristic of this form of cell death. Several recent studies have addressed the role of programmed cell death in inflammatory and chronic pain states. Casp...

wheat is one of the most important crops in the world that is constantly faced with the different biotic and abiotic stresses. programmed cell death is one of the methods for coping with different stress which is stimulated by several factors. because salicylic acid is involved in resistance to various stresses, to explore the effects of salicylic acid on programmed cell death, the effects of s...

There are two opposite paradigms to explain aging, here precisely defined as "age-related progressive mortality increase, i.e. fitness decline, in the wild". The first maintains that natural selection is unable to maintain fitness as age increases. The second asserts that, in particular ecological conditions, natural selection favors specific mechanisms for limiting the lifespan. The prediction...