according to the rules of quadruplet relations between concepts, muslim logicians have proved that relation between the negations of two concepts which are equal (musawi) or absolute-general-and-specific (‘amm wa khas-e mutlaq) are, respectively, equal and absolute-specific-and-general; but these rules come across some problems when the most inclusive concepts are involved, since the negation o...

it is well-known that “casual conditional” in islamic logics has been used with two meanings: “specific conditional” and “general conditional”. however, viewing the works of the muslim logicians, we find out that these two meanings of “casual conditional” have been interpreted in two various ways: each of the general and specific conditionals is sometimes interpreted as the condition of “non-ne...

The North American model of resource allocation in professional sports leagues is adapted for English (association) football. The theoretical relationship between revenue and competitive balance is shown to be robust with respect to changes in teams’ objectives and labour market conditions. Empirical revenue functions are reported for 1926-1999. These indicate a shift in the composition of dema...

avicenna has divided the conditionals to the real cogent (i.e. with possible antecedent) and the verbal cogent (i.e. with the impossible antecedent). denying the truth of the latter, he caused controversies among moslem logicians. at the paper, we report the controversies, analyze the real and verbal cogent conditionals, formalize them in modern modal and relevant logics, and finally, defend id...

A young unmarried Muslim female presented with the secondary personality of a married Hindu woman following the Hindu - Muslim riots. It is proposed that multiple personality can occur as a reaction to insecurities generated by traumatic events.

The purpose of this manuscript is to present a reliable estimate in form of tables of the Muslim population and its percentage in each country in Europe. This data is summarized to be a reference for other studies and discussions related to Muslim population. The presented data show that about 7% of the population of Europe is Muslim, a total of about 49 million.

the purpose of this article is to present a comparative study of the views of islamic logicians on ‘verity-propositions’ and nelson goodman’s ideas on law-like statements. in order to achieve this, first we describe the analyses of islamic logician of the meaning of factual proposition and goodman`s presentation of law-like statements. then, using a comparative approach, we explain the points o...