Livestock animals are at the mercy of toxic plants when these plants are present in feeds or hay. Alfalfa hay or forage, which is commonly offered to livestock animals, may pose a risk if contaminated with poisonous plants. Undesirable effects may result from ingestion of large amounts of alfalfa by livestock but may also be associated with the ingestion of small amounts of highly toxic plants ...

ISI Web of Science (WOS) is the world's most prestigious database that is used in order to evaluate and rank the countries, researchers, institutions, and universities. Therefore, determining the status of Iranian articles in this database in the field of poisonous and venomous animals is important. Quantitative and qualitative assessments of scientific outputs are the main goals of this study....

isi web of science (wos) is the world's most prestigious database that is used in order to evaluate and rank the countries, researchers, institutions, and universities. therefore, determining the status of iranian articles in this database in the field of poisonous and venomous animals is important. quantitative and qualitative assessments of scientific outputs are the main goals of this stu...

Protein toxins confer a defense against predation/grazing or a superior pathogenic competence upon the producing organism. Such toxins have been perfected through evolution in poisonous animals/plants and pathogenic bacteria. Over the past five decades, a lot of effort has been invested in studying their mechanism of action, the way they contribute to pathogenicity and in the development of ant...

Aposematic coloration, a well-known phenomenon in animals, has been given little attention in plants. Here I discuss two types of conspicuousness of thorns which are typical of many plant species: (1) colorful thorns, and (2) white spots, or white and colorful stripes, associated with thorns in leaves and stems. Both types of aposematic coloration predominate the spine system of taxa rich with ...