nowadays, compressible flow transmission pipelines are used in many industrial processes. pipelines in chemical processes, gas turbine power plants, natural gas transmission lines, and high pressure steam transmission pipelines are some industrial examples. therefore, learning the manner of treatment of a transient compressible fluid flow in pipelines with junctions and branches is important. i...

determination of allowable free span length plays a crucial role in design of offshore pipelines. the seabed intervention cost and safety of an offshore pipelines project are largely influenced by pipelines free spanning during the project life time. different criteria are proposed by both the current designing guidelines and researchers there is however lack of comprehensive assessment of inde...

Geological conditions along long distance pipelines are complex. In consideration of differences in elevation and terrain obstacles, long distance pipelines are commonly laid through tunnels. Oil and gas pipelines are often laid side by side to reduce construction costs and minimize geological impact. The layout and construction of parallel oil and gas pipelines are more complex than those of s...

Buried pipeline systems are commonly used to transport water, sewage, oil, natural gas and other materials. In the conterminous United States, there are about 77,109 km (47,924 miles) of crude oil pipelines, 85,461 km (53,114 miles) of refined oil pipelines and 67,898 km (42,199 miles) of natural gas pipelines (FEMA, 1991). The total length of water and sewage pipelines is not readily available...

Hartmann’s procedure, first described by the French surgeon Henri Albert Hartmann in 1921, is one of the most commonly performed operations. This paper examines the history behind this operation and assesses its significance in modern surgical practice.

P. Ceppi, Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, Box 351640, Seattle, Washington 98195-1640, USA. ([email protected]) Y.-T. Hwang, Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, Box 351640, Seattle, Washington 98195-1640, USA. ([email protected]) X. Liu, Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, Box 351640, Seattle, Was...