sudden pipe expansions have been known as efficient hydraulic energy dissipaters for a long time. the complex phenomenon of flow separation and velocity discontinuity at the interface of incoming jet and the recirculation flow, results in intensive shear and tensile rupture of the fluid and the associated destructive phenomenon of cavitation. this paper focuses on aeration in sudden pipe expans...

Sudden pipe expansions have been known as efficient hydraulic energy dissipaters for a long time. The complex phenomenon of flow separation and velocity discontinuity at the interface of incoming jet and the recirculation flow, results in intensive shear and tensile rupture of the fluid and the associated destructive phenomenon of cavitation. This paper focuses on aeration in sudden pipe expans...

Recently several reports of Cryptology ePrint Archive showed the discovering that for a normal iterative hash function the entropy and codomain would reduce greatly,then some conclusions were given: Narrow-pipe hash functions couldn’t resist this reducing (But wide-pipe hash functions could.),and generic collision attacks on narrow-pipe hash functions would be faster than birthday paradox.The d...

DESCRIPTION As the infrastructure in the United States ages, increasing importance is being placed on rehabilitating the nation's wastewater treatment collection systems. Cracks, settling, tree root intrusion, and other disturbances that develop over time deteriorate pipe lines and other conveyance structures that comprise wastewater collection systems. These deteriorating conditions can increa...

In this article, we give an approach to the problem of entropy and codomain reducing in a normal iterative hash function. The problem relies on the case of effective domain reducing which causes the empty set of a approximative probability e−1 in a iteration. We will keep, hold or recover the entropies by a way of Active Domain Expansion(ADE). ADE replaces the input message block by ∑ Mi in a n...

An existing deteriorated or hydraulically undersized pipe can be replaced with a new pipe by static pipe bursting. Cavity expansion during pipe bursting induces ground movements, which may potentially damage nearby buried utilities if they are in close proximity to the pipe bursting operation. A large-scale pipe bursting experiment was performed in an 8 m long, 8 m wide, and 3 m deep test pit f...

The fluorescence microscopy methods presently used to characterize protein motion in cells infer protein motion from indirect observables, rather than measuring protein motion directly. Operationalizing these methods requires expertise that can constitute a barrier to their broad utilization. Here, we have developed PIPE (photo-converted intensity profile expansion) to directly measure the moti...

Perforated base pipe is an important component in a completion system. Field applications dictate that a good perforated base-pipe design should have good expandability and good post-expansion tensile strength and collapse strength. High fidelity FEA models for evaluation of expandable base pipes have been developed; however, to optimize hole pattern design (size, shape, placement pattern) of a...

Failures in cast iron water mains are more complex and diverse than is widely understood in the industry. This paper discusses the modes and causes of pipe failures that have been encountered during a three year investigation by the National Research Council Canada. In addition to corrosion, manufacturing defects, human error and unexpected levels of pipe loading all play a role in the large nu...

Elongated bubbles which are constrained by the walls of a pipe are commonly known as Taylor bubbles. Taylor bubbles are prevalent in industrial gas-liquid flow, where they are commonly found in buoyancy driven fermenters, the production and transportation of hydrocarbons in the oil and gas industry, the boiling and condensing process in thermal power plants, and the emergency cooling of nuclear...