b. ramezani gourab1 and p.foroughe2 1-dept. of physical geography, islamic azad university, rasht branch, iran. 2- dept. of geography and tourism planning, usm, malaysia. * corresponding author?s e-mail: [email protected]

T he one-hundreth anniversary of the Association of American Geographers (AAG) is an appropriate occasion to reflect on the future of geography in the U. S. During the past hundred years, American geography has been haunted by various dichotomies—none more pronounced than the distinction between human and physical geography. Although the dichotomy can be viewed as invalid (James 1967), it is ne...

All digital data contain error and many are uncertain. Digital models of elevation surfaces consist of files containing large numbers of measurements representing the height of the surface of the earth, and therefore a proportion of those measurements are very likely to be subject to some level of error and uncertainty. The collection and handling of such data and their associated uncertainties...

B. Ramezani Gourab1 and P.Foroughe2 1-Dept. of Physical Geography, Islamic Azad University, Rasht Branch, Iran. 2- Dept. of Geography and Tourism Planning, USM, Malaysia. * Corresponding author?s E-mail: [email protected]