This paper describes measurements made on Hamamatsu R1408 8-m. photomultiplier tubes in order to parameterise the cesium bialkali photocathode in terms of a complex refractive index fi and a thickness T. The extracted parameters have been used to predict the angular response of the photomultiplier tubes, and this prediction has been experimentally verified. Measurements were taken on a number o...

Light which enters a photomultiplier tube is detected and produces an output signal through the following processes. (1) Light passes through the input window. (2) Light excites the electrons in the photocathode so that photoelectrons are emitted into the vacuum (external photoelectric effect). (3) Photoelectrons are accelerated and focused by the focusing electrode onto the first dynode where ...

including basic and performance. For example, section 4.1 shows spectral response characteristics of typical photocathodes and also gives the definition of photocathode sensitivity and its measurement procedure. Section 4.2 explains dynode types, structures and typical characteristics. Section 4.3 describes various performance characteristics such as time response, operating stability, sensitiv...

In order to be able to compare light intensity measurements derived from the anode current of a photomultiplier with measurements derived from photoelectron pulse counting, a systematic investigation of the properties of some photomultiplier tubes has been made. This has led to a correlation of the properties of a photomultiplier based on an over-all quantum efficiency etaF, the gain G, a photo...

The Silicon Photomultipliers (SiPMs) are the new step in the development of the mod‐ ern detection structures in the area of low photon flux detection with a unique capa‐ bility of detection up to the single photons. The Silicon Photomultiplier intrinsically represents a digital signal source on the elementary cell level. The materials and tech‐ nology of SiPMs are consistent with the modern el...