Biophobia refers to a fear of living things, which leads alienation from nature. The literature examining the underlying mechanisms and treatment biophobia is sparse. This review aims increase readers' understanding by more extensive on specific phobias, namely animal phobia, as it most closely resembles biophobia. Fear, anxiety disgust play an important role in phobias. Their triggers function...

Specific phobias are among the most common psychological problems (Kessler et al. 2005); however, specific phobias are seldom the primary reason that individuals seek treatment (Brown et al. 2001b). Because specific phobias are rarely the focus of clinical attention, there is a common—though in many cases mistaken—perception that specific phobias are straightforward and uncomplicated. In additi...

Recently, it has been suggested that situational specific phobias (e.g., phobias of driving, flying, enclosed places) are more closely related to agoraphobia than are other specific phobia types. The present study investigated this hypothesis by examining heterogeneity among the four main DSM-IV specific phobia types, particularly with respect to variables believed to be associated with agoraph...

A phobia is a persistent, excessive fear of a particular object or situation that causes avoidance, distress, and life interference. Specific phobias are among the most common psychiatric disorders, with 11% of the population meeting diagnostic criteria for specific phobia at any time in their life (Kessler et al., 1994) and 5.5% of the population meeting diagnostic criteria for specific phobia...