abstract one of the best ways of understanding religion is to determine the role and status of reason in religiousknowledgeregarding faith, morality, theology, and law. this issue has been posed in religiousstudies for attraction and persuasion of younger generation. in our survey of imam ali’s speeches and sayings, as the true commentatorof the religion, we encounter propositions in which reas...

from marcel's point of view, since philosophical issues such as existence and free will belong to the realm of mystery rather than problem, metaphysics is a matter of meditation on mysteries which are considered through secondary reflection. gabriel marcels believes that the metaphysicians have made the mistake of trying to put forward philosophical issues which are of the sort of mystery ...

(Philosophical Aspects)—Qualitative". Here, after a general introduction and historical overview, we emphasize the role of counterfactual reasoning within the quantitative frameworks of probability theory, decision theory, and game theory. 1. Counterfactuals Counterfactuals are a species of conditionals. They are propositions or sentences, expressed by or equivalent to subjunctive conditionals ...

In this paper, we set out to investigate the following question: if science relies heavily on induction, does philosophy of rely induction as well? Using data mining and text analysis methods, study a large corpus philosophical texts mined from JSTOR database (n = 14,199) in order answer question empirically. If just supposedly does, then would expect find significantly more inductive arguments...

This is part of a larger project that is motivated in part by linguistic considerations and by the philosophical literature in action theory and the logic of ability, but that is also meant to suggest ways in which planning formalisms could be modified to provide an account of the role of ability in planning and practical reasoning. In this version for the CSR workshop, I have suppressed most o...

Ancient Chinese philosophy already developed a philosophy of humanitarianism or humanity in the general sense. The concept of "Ren" / "Jen" was indeed a main idea already in Confucianism. It was to my mind Mencius, who was the most explicit, if not even the first, philosopher of what I call concrete humanity. The article takes up Albert Schweitzer's discussion of MengZi's philosophical humanita...

We describe an ontology of philosophy that is designed to help navigation through philosophical literature, including literature in the form of encyclopedia articles and textbooks and in both printed and digital forms. The ontology is designed also to serve integration and structuring of philosophical literature, and in the long term also to support reasoning about the provenance and contents o...

The first part of the talk will highlight the way in which assumptions widespread in the literature on reasoning about knowledge generate the traditional philosophical problem of scepticism. The problematic assumptions to be discussed here do not include logical omniscience, but are equally serious. My particular concern will be with the so-called Brouwerian axiom: p $ K~Kp (if p is false, an a...