OBJECTIVES To evaluate short-term effects of publishing revised lower risk national drinking guidelines on related awareness and knowledge. To examine where drinkers heard about guidelines over the same period. DESIGN Trend analysis of the Alcohol Toolkit Study, a monthly repeat cross-sectional national survey. SETTING England, November 2015 to May 2016. PARTICIPANTS A total of 11 845 adu...

The main objective of the present study was to estimate genetic and phenotypic trends for body weight traits in Guilan province sheep. Traits included were birth weight (BW, n=14,549), 3-month weight (3MW, n=13,109) and 6-month weight (6MW, n=10,141). Data and pedigree information used in this study were collected during 1994 to 2011 by the Agricultural Organization of Guilan province in Iran. ...

a data file containing 607662 (317608) milk (open days) records belonging 294417 (177838) holstein cows that were calved from 1983 to 2008 was used. the bivariate repeatability model was used for data analyzing so that herd, calving year, calving month, days in milk (only for milk trait) and calving age for each parity, were assumed as fixed effects and additive genetics and permanent environme...

data related to holstein dairy cattle from 1987 to 2004 were obtained from animal breeding center of iran to estimate the genetic and phenotypic trends. variance components and genetic parameters of the first lactation records were estimated using restricted maximum likelihood method and aireml algorithm through matvec program. animal breeding values were predicted through multiple-trait animal...

in this study, the number of 1802 longevity records of ewes collected during 1989 to 2010 in breeding station of lori-bakhtiari sheep flocks were used to estimate of genetic, environmental and phenotypic trends for economic lifetime. the breeding values of a ewe’s lifetime were estimated by restricted maximum likelihood procedure under an animal model of univariate analysis. the best linear unb...

thriteen thousand, seven hundred and fifty two (13752) records on growth tarits (birth weight, 1, 3, 6, 9 and 12 month weights) as well as pelt scores, collected during 1996-2002 as karakul sheep breeding station, sarakhs, iran were employed in this study. best liner unbiased prediction (blup) of breeding values, genetic and phenotypic trends of the traits were estimated as the regression of av...

Stochastic switching is an example of phenotypic bet hedging, where offspring can express a phenotype different from that of their parents. Phenotypic switching is well documented in viruses, yeast, and bacteria and has been extensively studied when the selection pressures vary through time. However, there has been little work on the evolution of phenotypic switching under both spatially and te...

This study reports the rates of phenotypic switching in strains of Candida albicans isolated from superficial and invasive infections. Of 19 invasive strains, 68% showed switching activity, often at very high rates, compared with only 28% of 40 strains isolated from superficial sites (P = 0.004).