ôbjective: to investigate the pharmacokinetics (pk) and pk- pharmacodynamic (pd) relationship of methadone in a cohort of outpatients undergoing methadone maintenance treatment (mmt). methods: sixty male patients undergoing mmt with a mean ±sd methadone daily dosage of 58 ± 34 mg were enrolled in this study. â 5-ml blood sample was collected before the daily intake of methadone. âs a pd measure...

pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (pk/pd) relationships describe the quantitative relationships between the drug-induced effects and the concurrent corresponding drug concentrations in an individual. since a long time, rough qualitative relationships have been described between neurological presentation and plasma ethanol concentration in acute ethanol ingestion. however, to date, precise quantit...

voriconazole is an antifungal triazole, approved for management of invasive fungal diseases in patients. it is absorbed during two hours and its serum levels will be above 90%, based on the underlying factors, when the drug is administered orally. voriconazole shows a propotional increase in an area under the plasma concentration-time curve (auc), with increasing dose. plasma protein binding of...

Colistin relates to the polymyxin group of antibiotics. This antibiotic is still used to destroy gram-negative bacteria as a last resort. However, resistance to this antibiotic has been reported and is appearing day by day. Not much information is available on the exact mechanisms of resistance to this antibiotic. Also, not enough information about pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics is avail...

Application of pharmacodynamic principles to antifungal drugs has provided an understanding of the relationship between drug dosing and treatment outcomes similar to that observed in antibacterial pharmacodynamics. Initial observations with triazole pharmacodynamics have correlated with clinical trial results and proved useful for validation of in vitro susceptibility breakpoints. Pharmacodynam...

contraceptive patches have become a frequently used contraceptive method. we present a mathematical model that describes the serum concentration profiles of norelgestromin (ngmn) and ethinylestradiol (ee) released from the contraceptive patch ortho evra®. we propose a simple one-compartment model based on pharmacokinetics data reported in previous studies. the model assumes a time-dependent rel...

The patient (germline) genome can influence the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of cancer therapy. The field of pharmacogenetics (PGx) has primarily focused on genetic predictors of pharmacokinetics, largely ignoring pharmacodynamics, using a candidate approach to assess single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) with known relevance to drug pharmacokinetics such as enzymes and transporters. A...

The selection of an antimicrobial regimen is based on a number of factors, including the nature of the infection, the identity and susceptibility of the pathogens, host characteristics, and the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of antimicrobial agents. This article provides a comprehensive overview of these factors, with particular attention to pharmacokinetics and monitoring for efficacy a...