Background: Pulegone (PGN) is a clear colorless oily liquid, which is widely used in different areas for flavoring foods, drinks, and dental products. There are several reports indicating that the metabolites of the PGN affect cytochrome-P450 family expression and activities. The cytochromes-P450 (cyp19) are involved in Leydig Cells aromatization. Therefore, present study was performed in order...

In mammalian host cells staphylococcal peptidoglycan (PGN) is recognized by Nod2. Whether PGN is also recognized by TLR2 is disputed. Here we carried out PGN co-localization and stimulation studies with TLR2 and Nod2 in wild type and mutant host cells. To exclude contamination with lipoproteins, polymeric staphylococcal PGN (PGN(pol)) was isolated from Staphylococcus aureus Δlgt (lacking lipida...

Peptidoglycan (PGN) is a major component of the bacterial cell envelope in both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. These muropeptides can be produced or modified by the activity of bacterial glycolytic and peptidolytic enzymes referred to as PGN hydrolases and autolysins. Some of these bacterial enzymes are crucial for bacterial pathogenicity and have been shown to modulate muropeptide r...

Perigeniculate neurons form an interactive sheet of cells that inhibit one another as well as thalamocortical neurons in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (LGNd). The inhibitory influence of the GABAergic neurons of the perigeniculate nucleus (PGN) onto other PGN neurons was examined with intracellular recordings in vitro. Intracellular recordings from PGN neurons during the generation of s...

Pulmonary surfactant protein A (SP-A) plays an important role in modulation of the innate immune system of the lung. Peptidoglycan (PGN), a cell wall component of Gram-positive bacteria, is known to elicit excessive proinflammatory cytokine production from immune cells. In this study we investigated whether SP-A interacts with PGN and alters PGN-elicited cellular responses. Binding studies demo...

Pulmonary surfactant protein A (SP-A) plays an important role in modulation of the innate immune system of the lung. Peptidoglycan (PGN), a cell wall component of Gram-positive bacteria, is known to elicit excessive proinflammatory cytokine production from immune cells. In this study we investigated whether SP-A interacts with PGN and alters PGN-elicited cellular responses. Binding studies demo...

In this study, we investigated the signaling pathways involved in inflammatory production caused by peptidoglycan (PGN), a cell wall component of the gram-positive bacterium, in BV-2 microglia. PGN caused a concentration- and time-dependent increase in inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) mRNA and protein levels. In addition, PGN also induced IL-1 beta, TNF-alpha ...

In humans, sepsis is caused by an exaggerated inflammatory response to components of infectious organisms. The inflammation involves platelets which propagate blood coagulation in the vasculature. Thrombocytopenia resulting from in vivo platelet aggregation is common in patients in intensive care units with bacterially driven sepsis and is prognostic for intensive care unit mortality. Thrombocy...