inflammatory bowel disease (ibd) is a chronic inflammatory disease affecting the gastrointestinal tract and includes ulcerative colitis and crohn’s disease. during last decades, the incidence of ibd   has increased, both in children as well as in adults (1–3). while the precise etiology of ibd is unknown, inflammatory bowel disease occure due to an abnormal immune response to luminal antigens i...

personalized medicine as a novel field of medicine refers to the prescription of specific therapeutics procedure for an individual. this approach has established based on pharmacogenetic and pharmacogenomic information and data. the terms precision and personalized medicines are sometimes applied interchangeably. however, there has been a shift from “personalized medicine” towards “precision me...

pancreatic cancer (pc) is a progressive, fatal disease with a high degree of malignancy. more than 40000 peoplediefrom this cancer annually in the united states. as a multifactorial condition, pc has a complex nature, and there are several genes and signalingpathwaysimplicated in pc pathogenesis and progression. there are diffèrent mutations in master genesincludingtumorsuppressors and oncogene...

personalized medicine aims is to supply the proper drug to the proper patient within the right dose. pharmacogenomics (pgx) is to recognize genetic variants that may influence drug efficacy and toxicity. all things considered, the fields cover a wide area, including basic drug discovery researches, the genetic origin of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, novel drug improvement, patient gene...

circulating tumor cells (ctcs) recognition and characterization in the peripheral blood of patients with breast cancer have proven practical and predictive value in different studies. however, the clinical significance of ctcs enumeration and molecular characterization in thepersonalization of breast cancer diagnosis and treatment remains under the debate. a literature search in pubmed, web of ...

more than a decade ago, personalized medicine was presented in modern medicine. personalized medicine means that the right drug should be prescribed for the right patient based on genetic data. no doubt is developing medical sciences, and its shift into personalized medicine complicates ethical challenges more than before. in this review, we categorized all probable ethical considerations of pe...

despite diagnostic, preventive and therapeutic advances, growing incidence of cancer and high rate of mortality among patients affected by specific cancer types indicate current clinical measures are not ideally useful in eradicating cancer. chemoresistance and subsequent disease relapse are believed to be mainly driven by the cell-molecular heterogeneity of human tumors that necessitates perso...

type 2 diabetes mellitus (t2dm) is recognized as a public health problem and increasingly prevalent illness. key elements of the guideline for diabetes care are based on evidence-based medicine approach and apply for population, not individuals. however, individualized care can improve diabetes management. personalized medicine is otherwise called precision medicine tries to find better predict...