recent years have witnessed a parallel and seemingly contradictory trend towards both the standardization and the customization of healthcare and medical treatment. here, we explore what is meant by ‘standardization’ and ‘customization’ in healthcare settings and explore the implications of these changes for healthcare delivery. we frame the paradox of these divergent and opposing factors in te...

Personalization has been extensively studied by scholars both in information systems and business. With a strong technological emphasis in mind, personalization techniques are widely applied in web context for recommending appropriate products and services for users. Typically, personalization has remained marketer-oriented, where service provider makes the decision of suitable products or serv...

The mobile era is well established and the number of smartphone users is showingexponential growth. The capability of smartphones and enabling technologies is also increasing and has opened many possibilities of personalized mobile services. The goalof personalization is to support the user by providing the right service at the rightmoment. Early focus of personalization was on cont...

the term ‘spam’ addresses unsolicited emails sent in bulk; therefore, the term‘financial fraud spam’ refers to unwanted bulk emails in which different tricks and techniques areemployed to swindle money from the recipients. estimates show that more than 80% of worldwideemail traffic in 2011 was spam. it should be noted that while the number of daily spam emails in2002 was 2.4 billion, this numbe...

In e-commerce and mobile commerce, personalization has been recognized as an important approach element in customer relationships and Web strategies. However, there are wide differences in how this concept is defined, characterized, and implemented in the literature. In this article we present a high-level framework for classifying approaches to personalization that delineates fundamental assum...