background: noise pollution has a particular importance in quiet environments such as hospitals. the main objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of noise exposure on the auditory system, blood pressure and precision, concentration and other psycho-neural components. methods: this cross-sectional study was carried out in three large hospitals of shiraz, during the period of 2012 to ...

in many countries around the world, including iran, obesity is reaching epidemic proportions. doctors have recently taken, or expressed support for, an extreme ‘personal responsibility for health’ policy against obesity: refusing services to obese patients. this policy may initially seem to improve patients’ incentives to fight obesity. but turning access to medical services into a benefit depe...

this paper argues that commercial forces have steadily encroached into our understanding of medicine and health in modern industrial societies. the impact on the delivery of personal medical services and on common ideas about food and nutrition is profound and largely deleterious to public health. a key component of commercialization is reductionism of medical services, health products and nutr...

Health systems vary widely in performance, and countries with similar levels of income, education and health expenditure differ in their ability to attain key health goals. This paper proposes a framework to advance the understanding of health system performance. A first step is to define the boundaries of the health system, based on the concept of health action. Health action is defined as any...

In many countries around the world, including Iran, obesity is reaching epidemic proportions. Doctors have recently taken, or expressed support for, an extreme ‘personal responsibility for health’ policy against obesity: refusing services to obese patients. This policy may initially seem to improve patients’ incentives to fight obesity. But turning access to medical services into a benefit depe...