august of 1941 coincided with the reza shah’s exile and opening of the cultural and political environment in iran. the tudeh party gained more power, albeit it owed its power to the presence of former soviet :union:s troops in iran during world war ii. after withdrawal of soviet troops from iran, members and supporters of the party wondered what would happen to the party and its members and sup...

based on a general rule in civil liability, external causes limits or excludes the liability of defendant. however, the question is that whether it is possible to applied the general rule when there are compulsory liability insurances? this paper is intended to study the subject-matter regarding traffic accidents (as one of the anticipated cases of compulsory insurances) in iranian and french l...

In the 2002 Turkish parliamentary election, more than half of the voters cast their ballots for a party different than the one they chose in 1999. The outcomes of these elections are analyzed at the provincial level, through a system of regression equations. The results obtained indicate that votes moved from the Virtue, Nationalist Action, Motherland and True Path parties to the Justice and De...

Consider a setting in which an agent selects an action in each time period and there is an interested party who seeks to induce a particular action. The interested party can associate incentives with actions to perturb their value to the agent. The agent’s decision problem is modeled as a multi-armed bandit process where the intrinsic value for an action updates independently of the state of ot...

the principle of equality of arms means that each party in an action shall present her claim in an environment so that this does not put him in a worse condition compared to the other party of the trial. this principle has been internationally and locally embraced by authorities. from the perspective of international documents, the acceptance of this principle is partly influenced by the accept...

Singapore’s political struggles of the 1950s and 1960s, between a Chinese-educated, working-class left wing middle-class, English-educated faction, have not been completely eradicated but continue to cast shadow over modern developments. The moderate, faction achieved an important victory when it took control People’s Action Party (PAP) in early 1960s. However, surprise ascendancy Workers’ (WP)...

To ensure that individual actors take certain actions, community enforcement may be required. This can present a rules-versus-discretion dilemma: It can become impossible to employ discretion based on information that is not widely held, because the wider community is unable to verify how the information was used. Instead, actions may need to conform to simple and widely verifiable rules. We st...