the term “sānād” i-e (persian historical document) is an important key word in history. although there are many researches about purport, applicable field of “sanad” but historical linguistic of this term is little-known. in regard to that this word have not a long use by mean “written” and “document” in  iranian historical texts, therefore  mind question of this article is: when this term in r...

Legislative language exhibits some characteristics typical of languages of administration that are particularly prone to eliciting ambiguities. However, ambiguity is generally undesirable in legislative texts and can pose problems for the interpretation and application of codified law. In this paper, we demonstrate how methods of controlled natural languages can be applied to prevent ambiguitie...

Cortisol's effects on memory follow an inverted U-shaped function such that memory retrieval is impaired with very low concentrations, presumably due to insufficient activation of high-affine mineralocorticoid receptors (MR), or with very high concentrations, due to predominant low-affine glucocorticoid receptor (GR) activation. Through corresponding changes in re-encoding, the retrieval effect...

The present quasi-experimental study mainly investigates the role of literature as input for reading comprehension in Iranian EFL classrooms. To be more exact, it investigates the effects of authentic and simplified literary texts on the reading comprehension of Iranian advanced EFL learners. The participants were 35 male and female Iranian EFL learners who were at advanced level, studying in a...

COATIS is an automatic tool designed to locate certain actions expressed in texts. Rules of contextual exploration, activated by the presence of linguistic indicators of causality in sentences, enable COATIS to locate expressions that denote field actions and that are linked by causal relations. COATIS processes technical texts of any domain, in the French language. It is therefore particularly...

The success of a humour-generation program is usually assessed by having human judges rate texts. However, there has been little consideration of the patterns shown by such judgements, particularly in terms of consistency. We present two small studies which attempt to gauge the consistency of human judgements about humorous aspects of texts, and discuss some of the methodological issues involved.

Gender differences in language use have long been of interest in linguistics. The task of automatic gender attribution has been considered in computational linguistics as well. Most research of this type is done using (usually English) texts with authorship metadata. In this paper, we propose a new method of male/female corpus creation based on gender-specific first-person expressions. The meth...