purpose : ophthalmoplegia makes many physicians to refer the patients to neurologists and/or ophthalmologists for neuro-ophthalmic evaluation. ophthalmoplegia has different etiologies some of which may be very harmful and need urgent intervention. prevalence of the disease is not obvious. this study is designed to evaluate the various etiologies and their prevalence in this disorder. methods : ...

Ophthalmoplegia is defined as a consequence of multiple cranial nerve paralysis innervated the extraocular muscles. The impairment ophthalmic branch trigeminal will create painful condition. Numerous underlying mechanism have been proposed related to ophthalmoplegia and carotid-cavernous fistula one main causes with sight life threatening outcome if left untreated. Carotid-cavernous arises an a...

BACKGROUND Painful ophthalmoplegia with normal cranial imaging is rare and confined to limited etiologies. In this study, we aimed to elucidate these causes by evaluating clinical presentations and treatment responses. METHODS Cases of painful ophthalmoplegia with normal cranial MRI at a single center between January 2001 and June 2011 were retrospectively reviewed. Diagnoses of painful ophth...