increasingly, aq qoyunlu rule and ottoman empire were inclined to contradict in the half of 9th/15th century. access to central anatolia for aq qoyunlu was a pivotal enterprise by which could develop its commercial ties. in contrast, ottomans tried to counteract the aq qoyunlu strives and thwarted its close relation with venice since ottomans regarded the latter as an archenemy in europe. forem...

This study approaches online social networking from the opposite direction, focusing on unsociability, in an attempt to find out how friendships are negotiated and terminated online. The research data was obtained via an online survey (N=107) targeted to SNS users. The findings show that Facebook is closely connected to offline social life, and the fading of offline relationship was the most co...

The article presents documents from Polish archives, first of all, the letters Kosh ataman Ivan Sirko. They talk about describes strengthening Polish-Ukrainian military ties in face enemy onslaught, actions Zaporizhzhia against Ottoman Empire. appendices include, particular, a letter Hetman Yurii Khmelnytskyi, which testifies to his good knowledge culture ancient Greece.

Stability and order on the home front constituted a vital condition for mobilization efforts in the Ottoman Empire. A number of measures issued by the Ottoman government during the First World War reveal that there was a need to take action against the destructive effects of war on the social tissue of society. This article takes into account prostitution, which was among the primary issues on ...

This paper discusses the history of an 1845 Ottoman hospital founded by Bezm-i Alem, mother of the reigning sultan Abdülmecit I (reigned 1839-1856), embedded in the medical and political contexts of the Middle East in the nineteenth century. The main focus of this paper is the Ottoman discourse of modernization, which identified progress with modernization and westernization and induced a belie...

ant Croatoslavia, politically, economically and culturally attractive to all Southern Slavs, including those still under Ottoman sovereignty. All of this was to have been sanctioned under a direct arrangement with the Austrian Crown without Hungarian co-tutelage. 7 Josip Juraj Strossmayer (1815-1905), bishop, patron of the arts, chief donator of the Yugoslav (today Croatian) Academyof Sciencesa...

This essay studies Moses Galeano, a Jewish scholar with ties to Crete and the Ottoman Sultan's court, who traveled to the Veneto around 1500. After describing Galeano's intellectual milieu, it focuses, first, on circumstantial evidence that he transmitted information central to the rise of Renaissance astronomy. Galeano knew of theories that strongly resemble portions of astronomy texts written...

The Ottoman Empire established in 1299 and continued 6 centuries covering an area of about 5.6 million squared km. The Empire left a large collection of valuable archives interesting to historians from all over the world. Investigation and understanding these documents will shed light on the history of the world. In order to achieve access of the considered information by worldwide scientists, ...

evliya chelebi (1611-1682), was an ethnically ottoman explorer who travelled through the territory of the ottoman empire and neighboring lands over a period of forty years, recording his commentary in a travelogue called the seyahatname. during his lifetime, evliya chelebi made three journeys to safavid iran: the first in 1646 to azerbaijan and caucasus, the second in 1647 which was a very shor...

This paper provides standardized estimates of labor productivity in arable farming in selected regions of the early Ottoman Empire, including Jerusalem and neighboring districts in eastern Mediterranean; Bursa and Malatya in Anatolia; and Thessaly, Herzegovina, and Budapest in eastern Europe. I use data from the tax registers of the Ottoman Empire to estimate grain output per worker, standardiz...